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Variable Interest Entities（VIEs）
Variable Interest Entities（VIEs 可变利益实体）are entities that either does not have equity investors with voting rights or lacks the sufficient financial resources to support its activities.
In IFRS，it is called special purpose entities（SPE，特殊目的公司/返程投资公司）
The equity holders of VIE have below strange characteristics：
Insufficient level of equity investment at risk
Inability to make decisions or direct activities
No obligation to absorb entity‘s expected losses
No right to receive expected residual returns
Disproportional voting rights
The primary beneficiary is the entity that has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity‘s economic performance，and absorbs the expected VIE losses，or receives the expected VIE residual returns.
Primary beneficiary的特点
Absorb the expected VIE losses，OR
Receives the expected VIE residual returns.
Identifying a variable interest in a business entity
Company an business entity have an arrangement
Business entity is a legal entity（not a person）
Business entity fails to qualify for exclusion
Interest is more than insignificant
Company has an explicit or implicit variable interest in the entity.
Under US GAAP，all consolidation decisions are evaluated
1st under the VIE model
2nd under the voting interest model.
实务扩展：GAAP中设立VIE的本意，是防止公司通过设立影子单位，进行人为操控。堵塞的漏洞是“应该合并，而不合并”的情况。中国实务中反练“九阴真经”，通过VIE，将本来不能合并的单位，进行合并。
实务中primary beneficiary（通常为一个WFOE）与VIE registered shareholders（代持股东）典型的两类四个合同安排
Agreements that provide the company effective control over the VIE entities
Power of attorney.不可撤销的任命WFOE为代持股东的全权、唯一、排他的代表，代行全部VIE股东权利
Exclusive equity option agreement.一旦法律允许，WFOE有权在自行决定的时间，以法律所允许的至低价格，从代持股东手中收购VIE的全部股份。代持股东必须无条件配合出售，并办理工商过户。
Agreements that transfer economic benefits to the company
Exclusive services agreement. 由WFOE，按其独自决定的价格（至高等于VIE的全部净利），排他性的向VIE提供管理咨询服务。
Equity Interest Pledge Agreement. 代持股东将全部代持股份抵押给WFOE. 一旦代持股东未能履行职责，WFOE有权出售抵押股份。
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