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Modified Accrual Accounting
The similarities of modified accrual accounting with commercial GAAP.
Both have equation for statements of financial position/B.S.In modified accrual，“Current assets and deferred outflows of resources=current liabilities and deferred inflows of resources+fund balance”
Both producing operating statements.
Both use historical cost and comply with most GAAP
Both are concerned with safeguarding assets and providing information for internal and external use.
Both can use double entry.
Terminology is similar.
The difference of modified accrual accounting with commercial GAAP
三层皮对一层皮。（“Budgetary accounting+Activity accounting+Encumbrance accounting=government fund accounting” Vs.Commercial accounting）
Governmental funds must comply with both legal statutes and GAAP.
Because governmental funds have NO profit motive，so there are no income determination.
Each fund is a separate entity；a self-balancing set of accounts.
Sources of governmental resources
1st tier Revenue Vs.Other Financing Sources
2nd tier of Revenue include：
Taxes-Income and sales
Taxes–Property and real estate
Fines and penalties
2nd tier of Other Financing sources include：
Debt proceeds（bonds and notes）
Interfund transfers
三层皮概揽
Budget 预算+Activity 活动+Encumbrance占位
预算定总盘，借贷正相反。
订单要占位，防止没钱付。
现金支出时，正常记分录。
若是曾占位，要把占位清。
年底预活转，占位可跨年。
Budgetary accounting is used to control expenditures and to account for the levy of taxes sufficient to cover estimated expenditures.The major features of budgetary accounting are the use of budgetary accounts and the use of encumbrances.
Budgetary accounting is used to control expenditures and to account for the levy of taxes sufficient to cover estimated expenditures.The major features of budgetary accounting are the use of budgetary accounts and the use of encumbrances.
Encumbrances. Open purchases orders represent an encumbrance or reduction of the appropriations of a government.In order for governmental managers to effectively monitor the degree to which they have used their budgetary appropriations，governmental accounting systems reflect not only the expenditures but also the obligations to spend （purchase orders）。This is done to prevent overspending of appropriations.
Budgetary accounts are “estimated accounts，”which are the opposite （in terms of “natural” debit and credit balances）from “real，”“proprietary，”or “actual” accounts.
Budgetary accounts are posted only twice during the year（unless a supplemental appropriation is made）
Estimated revenues–appropriations=Budgetary control（an Equity account）
At the beginning of the year
Dr.Estimated revenue control
Dr.Estimated other financing sources
Dr./Cr.Budgetary control
Cr.Appropriations control
Cr.Estimated other financing uses
At the end of the year，the budget is reversed and closed.The entry‘s debit and credit are reversed.The accounts and amount are exactly SAME.
Governmental fund revenues are recorded when measurable and available.
Available means the collection period does NOT exceed 60 days after fiscal year-end.
Governmental fund revenues often arise from non-exchange transactions.
Non-exchange transaction is a transaction in which a government gives or receives value without directly giving or receiving equal value in return.
There are four classifications of non-exchange revenues that serve as the basis for most government fund resources.特点：No underlying exchange transaction for those revenue.
Derived Non-exchange Tax Revenue.所得税与流转税。Accrued and recognized as revenue if
a）measurable，b）due at year end，c）actually received within 60 days of year end.
Imposed Non-exchange Revenue. 财产税与罚款。Accrued and recognized if a）billed.
Government Mandated Non-exchange Transactions.上级政府专项拔款。类似中央财政向宁夏下拔引黄干渠维护专项资金。条件是干渠日常维护达到中央设定标准。Accrued and recognized as revenue if a）measurable，b） available，c） Eligibility requirements are met.
Voluntary Non-exchange Transactions.政府间自愿划拔。北京市向西藏划拔资金，支援西藏中学建设。Accrued and recognized as revenue if a）restriction are met
Governmental funds revenue recognition summary：
Billed/Recorded：Imposed non-exchange revenues（Real estate taxes，fines and penalties）
Received：Derived tax revenue（income taxes，sales taxes）
Earned：Cash have been collected in advance.Or collection is sured.
Accrual of real property tax
Dr.Real property taxes receivable–current 1800K
Cr.Revenues–property taxes 1620K
Cr.Allowance for uncollectible taxes receivable–current 180K
Collection of real property tax
Dr.Cash 1458K
Cr.Real property taxes receivable–current 1458K
Reclassify receivables to delinquent：
Dr.Property taxes receivable–delinquent 342K
Cr.Property taxes receivable–current 342K
Adjust revenue of real property tax
Dr.Revenues–property taxes 162K
Dr.Allowance for uncollectible taxes–current 180K
Cr.Property taxes receivable–delinquent 342K
Expenditures=Operating expenditures+Capital purchase+Debt services payments
In governmental fund there is NO matching principle，so all items are expenditures：fixed assets，bond issue costs，and debt payments.
Operating expenditures entry
Dr.Expenditures–wages
Cr.Cash
Purchase of a capital item entry
Dr.Expenditures–capital outlay
Cr.Voucher payable or Cash
Principal payment on debt entry
Dr.Expenditures–Debt service
Cr.Cash
Expenditure is recognized when the voucher payable is recorded OR cash is paid，which is earlier.
Alternatives for Expenditure Recognition
For current assets only，include supplies，prepaid（insurance），inventory.
Purchase Method Vs.Consumption Method
Purchase method 1st expenditure current asset when purchase，2nd Set-up current asset for items not used during period（still on hand）
Consumption method 1st set up as a current asset when purchased，2nd expenditure items as consumed（by periodic physical count）
Purchase method–收货时一次记入P&L，年底存货挤回B/S，同时调整Nonspendable FB inventory.
Consumption method–收货时全记B/S，年底时，将全年消耗挤入P/L
采购法（Purchase）与消耗法（Consumption）相比，记入expenditure的金额要多，多出的金额应是年底的存货。此部分通过增加贷方的nonspendable FB inventory来抵销。
Transfers between Funds represent the use of financial resources.
Dr.Other financing uses–transfers out，debt service fund
Cr.Cash（from the general fund）
Classification of Governmental Expenditures by purpose
1st tier by Function or program（Public safety， education，highways，etc.）
2nd tier by Organizational unit（police and fire departments combine to form the public safety function）
3rd tier Activity（Drug，highway of police）
Classification of Governmental Expenditures by benefit period
Current expenditures：Benefit current
Capital outlays：Benefit both the present and future.
Debt service：Benefit past，present，and future，
Intergovernmental：one governmental unit transfers resources to another
Classification of Governmental Expenditures by object
Personnel services
Supplies，
Principal and interest payments
Fixed Assets（purchased，constructed，and leased）
In governmental funds，fixed assets do NOT generate revenue，so do NOT capitalized on the funds books.They are expenditures on the funds books.The accounts is “expenditure – capital outlay”
Dr.Expenditure–capital outlay
Cr.Vouchers payable（or cash）
The government-wide F/S adopt accrual accounting.Fixed assets are capitalized from funds‘ “expenditure-capital outlay” to government-wide F/S’ PP&E.
In proprietary funds and fiduciary funds，fixed assets do generate revenue，so capitalized on the funds books.
Debts（long-term）
Proceeds from long-term debts are recorded in the governmental funds as “other financing sources.”
Issue bonds
Dr.Cash
Cr.Other financing sources–bonds issued
Repayment of long-term debts
Dr.Expenditure–Principal
Dr.Expenditure-Interest
Cr.Cash
Encumbrances（直译“阻碍”，意译“占位”）：Commit funds for purchase orders
Open purchase orders represent an encumbrance（commitment of the available appropriations of a government.）
Spendable fund balance=Budgetary–Activity expenditure–Encumbrance
If governmental accounting systems do not adopt the encumbrance concept，the appropriation may be overspending.
When order issued，set up encumbrance entry
Dr.Encumbrances 90K（45K * 2 truck）
Cr.Budgetary control 90K
When 1 truck is received，and price is 44K reverse encumbrance entry by original proportion.
Dr.Budgetary control 45K
Cr.Encumbrances 45K
Record the actual expenditures of 44K
Dr.Expenditure–capital outlay 44K
Cr.Voucher payable 44K
If an encumbrance is outstanding at year-end and appropriations do not lapse.Please do two entry.
1st to close（reverse）budgetary accounts related to encumbrances
Dr.Budgetary control 45K
Cr.Encumbrance 45K
2nd to reclassification of fund balance relative to outstanding encumbrance of prior year，from unassigned to committed/assigned
Dr.Unassigned fund balance 45K
Cr.Fund balance，committed 45K
In the following year，the spend of prior year‘s outstanding purchase order，will be recorded as an expenditure of prior year.
Dr.Expenditure–prior year 45K
Cr.Vouchers payable 45K
国会拨款不容易，形成预算给政府。
预算千万别花超，花超预算关衙门。
控制支出大学问，三层会计同管理。
预算分录借贷反，年头年尾各一笔。
日常支出是活动，正常记入损益表。
占位会计冲两回，收货冲完年底冲。
预算活动加占位，就是预算剩余额。
政府基金修正法，基金净额买新车。
预算占位管理用，不会影响总净额。
期初净额加活动，期末净额算出来。
如果占位年尾冲，净额U要变CA.
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