AUD：
审计与鉴证部分对以下职业标准的理解进行测试：美国颁布的审计标准（与“上市公司”相关），“非上市公司”，政府机关，非营利组织和员工福利计划，鉴证和认证相关业务，以及会计和审查业务标准。
应试者需要认知：（1）国际审计与鉴证准则委员会（IAASB）和其在建立国际审计准则中的作用（2）国际审计准则与美国审计准则的不同（3）应用美国审计标准对美国公司进行审计时， 其审计报告是基于国外或国际审计标准时的审计要求。
此门课程还对注册会计师执业职责进行测试，包括道德规范和独立性。
应试者需要认知：（1）国际会计师职业道德准则理事会及其在建立国际会计师联合会注册会计师执业道德规范中的作用（2） 应用美国审计标准对美国公司进行审计时，其审计报告是基于国外或国际审计标准时的独立性要求
除知道并理解注册会计师执业标准之外，应试者还需证明作为注册会计师，他们能够把这些理论应用在审计与鉴证任务中，应试者需完成以下任务：
·区分审计、鉴证和认证服务，编报与复核
·区分上市公司于非上市公司的职业标准
·能够鉴定违背职业标准的情形，并能够在合适的时机采取适当的应对行为
·认知审计对象的潜在不符合道德准则的行为并决定对其业务的影响
·证明审计要求，规则和准则的重要性
·在实务中合理应用职业准则并区分无条件要求与强制性知道要求
·在实务中实现尽职调查
·在实务中证明职业怀疑的合理程度
·审计中保持态度独立性
·调查相关职业文献
Auditing and Attestation(AUD)
The Auditing and Attestation section tests knowledge and understanding of the following professional standards:Auditing standards promulgated in the United States of America(related to audits of an“Issuer”(a public company),a“Nonissuer”(an entity that is not a public company),governmental entities,not-for-profit entities,and employee benefit plans,standards related to attestation and assurance engagements,and standards for performing accounting and review services.
Candidates are expected to demonstrate an awareness of:(1)the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board(IAASB)and its role in establishing International Standards on Auditing(ISAs),(2)the differences between ISAs and U.S. auditing standards,and(3)the audit requirements under U.S. auditing standards that apply when they perform audit procedures on a U.S. company that supports an audit report based upon the auditing standards of another country,or the ISAs.
This section also tests knowledge of professional responsibilities of certified public accountants,including ethics and independence.
Candidates are also expected to demonstrate an awareness of:(1)the International Ethics Standards
Board for Accountants(IESBA)and its role in establishing requirements of the International
Federation of Accountants(IFAC)Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants,and(2)the independence requirements that apply when they perform audit procedures on a U.S. company that supports an audit report based upon the auditing standards of another country,or the ISAs.
In addition to demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the professional standards,candidates are required to demonstrate the skills required to apply that knowledge in performing auditing and attestation tasks as certified public accountants. The outline below specifies the tasks and related knowledge in which candidates are required to demonstrate proficiency:Candidates are also expected to perform the following tasks:
·Demonstrate an awareness and understanding of the process by which standards and professional requirements are established for audit,attestation, and other services performed by CPAs,including the role of standard-setting bodies within the U.S. and those bodies with the authority to promulgate international standards.
·Differentiate between audits,attestation and assurance services,compilations,and reviews.
·Differentiate between the professional standards for issuers and nonissuers.
·Identify situations that might be unethical or a violation of professional standards,perform research and consultations as appropriate,and determine the appropriate action.
·Recognize potentially unethical behavior of clients and determine the impact on the services being performed.
·Demonstrate the importance of identifying and adhering to requirements,rules,and standards that are established by licensing boards within their states, and which may place additional professional requirements specific to their state of practice.
·Appropriately apply professional requirements in practice,and differentiate between unconditional requirements and presumptively mandatory requirements.
·Exercise due care in the performance of work.
·Demonstrate an appropriate level of professional skepticism in the performance of work.
·Maintain independence in mental attitude in all matters relating to the audit.
·Research relevant professional literature.
I.Auditing and Attestation：Engagement Acceptance and Understanding the Assignment(12% - 16%)
A.Determine Nature and Scope of Engagement
B.Consider the Firm's Policies and Procedures Pertaining to Client Acceptance and Continuance
C.Communicate with the Predecessor Auditor
D.Establish an Understanding with the Client and Document the Understanding
Through an Engagement Letter or Other Written Communication with the Client
E.Consider Other Planning Matters
1.Consider using the work of other independent auditors
2.Determine the extent of the involvement of professionals possessing specialized skills
3.Consider the independence,objectivity,and competency of the internal audit function
F.Identify Matters Related to Planning and Prepare Documentation for Communications with Those Charged with Governance
II.Auditing and Attestation:Understanding the Entity and Its Environment(including Internal Control)(16% - 20%)
A.Determine and Document Materiality
B.Conduct and Document Risk Assessment Discussions Among Audit Team,Concurrently with Discussion on Susceptibility of the Entity's Financial Statement to Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
C.Consideration of Fraud
1.Identify characteristics of fraud
2.Document required discussions regarding risk of fraud
3.Document inquiries of management about fraud
4.Identify and assess risks that may result in material misstatements due to fraud
D.Perform and Document Risk Assessment Procedures
1.Identify,conduct and document appropriate inquiries of management and others within the entity
2.Perform appropriate analytical procedures to understand the entity and identify areas of risk
3.Obtain information to support inquiries through observation and inspection(including reading corporate minutes, etc.)
E.Consider Additional Aspects of the Entity and its Environment,including:Industry,Regulatory and Other External Factors;Strategies and Business Risks； Financial Performance
F.Consider Internal Control
1.Perform procedures to assess the control environment,including consideration of the COSO framework and identifying entity-level controls
2.Obtain and document an understanding of business processes and information flows
3.Determine the effect of information technology on the effectiveness of an entity's internal control
4.Perform risk assessment procedures to evaluate the design and implementation of internal controls relevant to an audit of financial statements
5.Identify key risks associated with general controls in a financial IT environment,including change management,backup/recovery,and network access(e.g. administrative rights)
6.Identify key risks associated with application functionality that supports financial transaction cycles,including:application access control(e.g.administrative access rights); controls over interfaces,integrations,and e-commerce;significant algorithms,reports,validation,edit checks,error handling,etc.
7.Assess whether the entity has designed controls to mitigate key risks associated with general controls or application functionality
8.Identify controls relevant to reliable financial reporting and the period-end financial reporting process
9.Consider limitations of internal control
10.Consider the effects of service organizations on internal control
11.Consider the risk of management override of internal controls
G.Document an Understanding of the Entity and its Environment,including Each Component of the Entity's Internal Control,in Order to Assess Risks
H.Assess and Document the Risk of Material Misstatements
1.Identify and document financial statement assertions and formulate audit objectives including significant financial statement balances,classes of transactions,disclosures,and accounting estimates
2.Relate the identified risks to relevant assertions and consider whether the risks could result in a material misstatement to the financial statements
3.Assess and document the risk of material misstatement that relates to both financial statement level and specific assertions
4.Identify and document conditions and events that may indicate risks of material misstatement
I.Identify and Document Significant Risks that Require Special Audit Consideration
1.Significant recent economic,accounting,or other developments
2.Related parties and related party transactions
3.Improper revenue recognition
4.Nonroutine or complex transactions
5.Significant accounting estimates
6.Illegal acts
III.Auditing and Attestation:Performing Audit Procedures and Evaluating Evidence(16% - 20%)
A.Develop Overall Responses to Risks
1.Develop overall responses to risks identified and use the risks of material misstatement to drive the nature,timing,and extent of further audit procedures
2.Document significant risks identified,related controls evaluated,and overall responses to address assessed risks
3.Determine and document performance materiality/level(s)of tolerable misstatement
B.Perform Audit Procedures Responsive to Risks of Material Misstatement;Obtain and Document Evidence to Form a Basis for Conclusions
1.Design and perform audit procedures whose nature,timing,and extent are responsive to the assessed risk of material misstatement
2.Integrating audits:in an integrated audit of internal control over financial reporting and the financial statements,design and perform testing of controls to accomplish the objectives of both audits simultaneously
3.Design,perform,and document tests of controls to evaluate design effectiveness
4.Design,perform,and document tests of controls to evaluate operating effectiveness
5.Perform substantive procedures
6.Perform audit sampling
7.Perform analytical procedures
8.Confirm balances and/or transactions with third parties
9.Examine inventories and other assets
10.Perform other tests of details,balances,and journal entries
11.Perform computer-assisted audit techniques(CAATs),including data query,extraction,and analysis
12.Perform audit procedures on significant accounting estimates
13.Auditing fair value measurements and disclosures,including the use of specialists in evaluating estimates
14.Perform tests on unusual year-end transactions
15.Audits performed in accordance with International Standards on Auditing(ISAs)or auditing standards of another country:determine if differences exist and whether additional audit procedures are required
16.Evaluate contingencies
17.Obtain and evaluate lawyers' letters
18.Review subsequent events
19.Obtaining and placing reliance on representations from management
20.Identify material weaknesses,significant deficiencies,and other control deficiencies
IV.Auditing and Attestation:Evaluating Audit Findings,Communications,and Reporting(16% - 20%)
A.Perform Overall Analytical Procedures
B.Evaluate the Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit Evidence and Document Engagement Conclusions
C.Evaluate Whether Audit Documentation is in Accordance with Professional Standards
D.Review the Work Performed by Others,including Specialists and Other Auditors,to Provide Reasonable Assurance that Objectives are Achieved
E.Document the Summary of Uncorrected Misstatements and Related Conclusions
F.Evaluate Whether Financial Statements are Free of Material Misstatements
G.Consider the Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
H.Consider Other Information in Documents Containing Audited Financial Statements(e.g. Supplemental Information and Management's Discussion and Analysis)
I.Retain Audit Documentation as Required by Standards and Regulations
J.Prepare Communications
1.Reports on audited financial statements
2.Reports required by government auditing standards
3.Reports on compliance with laws and regulations
4.Reports on internal control
5.Reports on the processing of transactions by service organizations
6.Reports on agreed-upon procedures
7.Reports on financial forecasts and projections
8.Reports on pro forma financial information
9.Special reports
10.Reissue reports
11.Communicate internal control related matters identified in the audit
12.Communications with those charged with governance
13.Subsequent discovery of facts existing at the date of the auditor's report
14.Consideration after the report date of omitted procedures
V.Accounting and Review Services Engagements(12% - 16%)
A.Plan the Engagement
1.Determine nature and scope of engagement
2.Decide whether to accept or continue the client and engagement including determining the appropriateness of the engagement to meet the client's needs and consideration of independence standards
3.Establish an understanding with the client and document the understanding through an engagement letter or other written communication with the client
4.Consider change in engagement
5.Determine if reports are to be used by third parties
B.Obtain and Document Evidence to Form a Basis for Conclusions
1.Obtain an understanding of the client's operations,business,and industry
2.Obtain knowledge of accounting principles and practices in the industry and the client
3.Perform analytical procedures for review services
4.Obtain representations from management for review services
5.Perform other engagement procedures
6.Consider departures from generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)or other comprehensive basis of accounting (OCBOA)
7.Prepare documentation from evidence gathered
8.Retain documentation as required by standards
9.Review the work performed to provide reasonable assurance that objectives are achieved
C.Prepare Communications
1.Reports on compilations
2.Reports on reviews
3.Restricted use of reports
4.Communicating to management and others
5.Subsequent discovery of facts existing at the date of the report
6.Consider degree of responsibility for supplementary information
VI.Professional Responsibilities(16% - 20%)
A.Ethics and Independence
1.Code of Professional Conduct(AICPA)
2.Requirements related to issuers,including the PCAOB,the SEC and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002,Titles II and III,Section 303
3.Government Accountability Office(GAO)
4.Department of Labor(DOL)
5.Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants(IFAC)
B.Other Professional Responsibilities
1.A firm's system of quality control
2.General role,structure,and requirements of the PCAOB(Title I and Title IV of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)
References - Auditing and Attestation
·AICPA Statements on Auditing Standards and Interpretations
·Public Company Accounting Oversight Board(PCAOB)Standards(SEC-Approved)and Related Rules,PCAOB Staff Questions and Answers,and PCAOB Staff Audit Practice Alerts
·U.S. Government Accountability Office Government Auditing Standards
·Single Audit Act,as amended
·Office of Management and Budget(OMB)Circular A-133
·AICPA Statements on Quality Control Standards
·AICPA Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services and Interpretations
·AICPA Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements and Interpretations
·AICPA Audit and Accounting Guides
·AICPA Code of Professional Conduct
·IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants
·Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
·Department of Labor Guidelines and Interpretive Bulletins re:Auditor Independence
·SEC Independence Rules
·Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
·The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission(COSO):Internal Control - Integrated Framework
·Current textbooks on auditing,attestation services,ethics,and independence
·International Standards on Auditing(ISAs)
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