Understanding Groups and Teams
1、Group：群体
Two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular goals.
两个或两个以上相互作用，相互依赖的个体，为了实现特定的目标而组合在一起的集合体。
2、Forming：形成阶段
The first stage of group development in which people join the group and then define the group‘s purpose， structure and leadership.
群体发展的第一阶段，这时人们加入群体，并制定出它的目的，结构和领导层。
3、Storming：震荡阶段
The second stage of group development which is characterized by intragroup conflict.
群体发展第二阶段，突显内部冲突。
4、Norming：规范阶段
The third stage of group development which is characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.
群体发展第三阶段，表现出密切的群内关系，形成了内聚力，群体结构比较稳固。
5、Performing：执行阶段
The four stage of group development when the group is fully functional.
群体发展第四阶段，真正到了群体的正常功能发挥阶段。
6、Adjourning：解体阶段
The four stage of group development for temporary groups during which group members are Concerned with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.
倒计时阶段，群体为解散作好准备，高工作业绩不再是关注的头等大事，取而代之的是如何作好善后工作。
7、Role：角色
A set of behavior patterns expected of someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
指在一个社会单元中，人们对占据特定位置的个体所期望的一套行为模式。
8、Norm：规范
Acceptable standards or expectation s shared by a group‘s members.
群体成员共同认可的标准或期望。
9、Status：地位
A prestige grading， position ， or rank within a group.
群体内部的威望等级位置或头衔。
10、Free rider tendency ：搭便车效应
A group phenomenon in which individual members reduce their individual efforts and contributions as the group increases in size.
随着群体的规模扩大，每个个体的努力和贡献下降。
11、Group cohesiveness ：群体内聚力
The degree to which group members are attracted to one another and share the group‘s goals.
群体成员相互吸引和共同参与群体目标的程度。
12、Conflict ：冲突Perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition.
由于某种不一致或对立状况而使人们感知到彼此不相融合的差异。
13、Traditional view of conflict： 冲突的传统观点
The view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided.
冲突都是不好的，必须避免冲突。
14、Interactionist view of conflicts：冲突的交互作用观点
The view that some conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively.
某些冲突是群体有效运作所必要的。
15、Functional conflicts ：积极冲突
Conflicts that support a group‘s goals and improve its performance.
支持工作群体的目标，提高群体工作水平的冲突。
16、Dysfunctional conflicts：消极冲突
Conflicts that prevent a group from achieving its goals.
妨碍工作群体实现目标的冲突。
17、Task conflict ：任务冲突
Conflicts over content and goads of the work.
关于工作内容和工作目标的冲突。
18、Relationship conflict ：关系冲突
Conflicts based on interpersonal relationships.
以人际关系为基础的冲突。
19、Process conflict：过程冲突
Conflict over how work gets done.
关于如何完成工作的冲突。
20、Groupthink：群体思维
A type of conformity in which group members withhold deviant， minority ，or unpopular views in order to appear in agreement.
群体成员为了达到表面上的统一一致而隐藏分歧意见或不受欢迎的观点的现象。
21、Work team：工作团队
Formal groups made up of interdependent individuals who are responsible for the attainment of a goal.
由一些为了实现一个目标而相互依赖的个体组合而成的正式群体。
22、Functional team ：职能型团队
A type of work team composed of a manager and his or her subordinates from a particular functional area.
由一名管理者及来自特定职能领域的若干下属组成。
23、Self-managed team ：自我管理团队
A type of work team that operates without a manager and is responsible for a complete work process or segment.
没有一个管理者负责整个或局部的工作流程。
24、Virtual team ：虚拟工作团队
A type of work team that uses computer technology to link physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal.
指那些利用计算机技术把实际上分散的的成员联系起来以实现共同目标的团队。
25、Cross-functional team：跨职能团队
A type of work team that‘s a hybrid grouping of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together on various tasks.
由来自不同领域的专家组成的一个混合体，目的是并肩作战完成各种各样的任务。
26、Gain-sharing ：收益分成
A group incentive program that shares the gains of the efforts of group members with those group members.
让工作群体共同分享通过努力而得到的收益来激励群体。
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