F1-管理学术语英汉对照解释（11）
Managerial Communication and Information Technology
1、Communication：沟通
The transfer and understanding of meaning.
指意义的传递和理解。
2、Interpersonal communication：人际沟通
Communication between two or more people.
指存在于两人或多人之间的沟通。
3、Organizational communication：组织沟通
All the patterns， networks and systems of communication within an organizational.
指组织中沟通的各种方式，网络和系统等。
4、Message：信息
A purpose to be conveyed.
被传递的一个意图。
5、Encoding：编码
Converting a massage into symbols.
把信息转化为信号形式。
6、Channel：通道
The medium a message travels along.
信息传递的中介。
7、Decoding：解码
Retranslating a sender‘s message.
接收者转译收到的信号。
8、Communication process：沟通过程
The seven elements involved in transferring meaning form one person to another.
指信息从一个人传递到另一个人的七个要素组成的过程。
9、Noise：噪声
Any disturbances that interfere with the transmission receipt or feedback of a message.
是对信息的传送和接收或反馈造成干扰的因素。
10、Nonverbal communication：非言语沟通
Communication transmitted without words.
就是不经由言语表达的沟通。
11、Body language：体态语言
Gestures facial expressions， and other movements of the body that convey meaning.
指传达意义的手势，脸部表情和其他身体动作。
12、Verbal intonation：语调
An emphasis given to words or phrases that conveys meaning.
指一个人对传达意义的某些词汇或短语的强调。
13、Filtering：过滤
The deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more favorable to receiver.
指故意操纵信息，使信息显得更容易得到接受。
14、Selective perception：选择性知觉
When people selectively interpret what they see or hear on the basis of their interests background experience and attitudes.
指人们根据自己的兴趣，经验和态度而有选择地去解释自己所看或所听的信息。
15、Information overload：信息超载
The information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity.
指我们面对的信息超过了我们的处理能力。
16、Jargon：行话
Specialized terminology or technical language that members of a group use to communicate among themselves.
指一组人员内部沟通中所用的专业术语或技术语言。
17、Active listening：积极倾听
Listening for full meaning without making premature judgments or interpretations.
指不带先入为主的判断或解释的对于信息完整意义的接受。
18、Formal communication：正式沟通
Communication that takes place within prescribed organizational work arrangements.
指按照规定的指挥链或者作为中国的一部分而进行的沟通。
19、Informal communication：非正式沟通
Communication that is not defined by the organization‘s structural hierarchy.
指不由组织的层次结构限定的沟通。
20、Downward communication：下行沟通
Communication that flows downward form a manager to employees.
指一种信息从管理者流向下属人员的沟通。
21、Upward communication：上行沟通
Communication that flows upward from employees to managers.
就是信息从下属人员流向管理者的沟通。
22、Lateral communication：横向沟通
Communication that takes place among any employees on the same organizational levels.
指在同一组织层次的员工之间发生的沟通。
23、Diagonal communication：斜向沟通
communication that cuts across work areas and organizational levels.
指发生在同时跨工作部门和跨组织层次的员工之间的沟通。
24、Communication networks：沟通网络
The variety of patterns of vertical and horizontal flows of organizational communication.
组织沟通信息的纵向和横向流动集合而成的各种形态。
25、Grapevine：小道消息
The informal organizational communication network.
传播的非正式网络。
26、e-mail：电子邮件
The instantaneous transmission of written messages on computers that are linked together.
通过联网的计算机发送书面信息的一种邮件瞬时传递方式。
27、Instant messaging（IM）：即时信息
interactive real-time communication that takes place among computer users logged on the computer network at the same time.
一种能够在计算机网络使用者之间实现互动的实时沟通。
28、Voice mail：音频邮件
A communication system that digitizes a spoken message， transmits it over a network， and stores the message on disk for the receiver to retrieve later.
是对声音信息的数字化处理，使之能通过网络传递并储存在电脑中，以方便接收者需要时使用。
29、Fax：传真
Communication through machines that allow the transmission of documents containing both text and graphics over ordinary telephone lines.
包含文字和图表信息的文件得以通过普通的电话线传递。
30、Electronic data interchange（EDI）：电子数据交换
A way for organizations to exchange standard business transaction documents using direct computer-to-computer networks.
是通过直接的计算机对计算机网络，使组织之间得以交换标准化的商务交易文件。
31、Teleconferencing：电话会议
Communication system that allows a group of people to confer simultaneously using telephone or e-mail group communications software.
一群在不同地点参加会议的人员能通过电话或电子群件通信软件在同一时间开会。
32、Videoconferencing：可视会议
A simultaneous communication conference in which participants can see each other.
指会议参加者能够通过电视屏幕看到对方。
33、Intranet：内部互联网
An organizational communication network that uses internet technology and is accessible only by organizational employees.
是一种运用互联网技术而在组织内部建立的沟通网络，只有组织的成员才能登录该网络。
34、Extranet：外部互联网
An organizational communication network that uses internet technology and allows authorized uses inside the organization to communicate with certain outsiders.
是运用互联网技术建立的组织沟通网络，它允许组织内部的使用者经授权后可直接与组织外部的顾客，供应商进行沟通。
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