Planning Tools and Techniques
1. environmental scanning : 环境扫描
The screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and environment.
收集大量的环境信息，以便预测和解释环境正在发生的变化。
2. competitor intelligence: 竞争对手情报
Environmental scanning activity that seeks to identify who competitors are, what they are doing, and how their actions will affect the organization.
环境扫描的活动，它试图识别谁是竞争者，他们在做什么，竞争对手的行动将对组织产生什么影响。
3. forecasts : 预测
Predictions of outcomes.
对结果的预计。
4. quantitative forecasting : 定量预测
Forecasting that applies a set of mathematical rules to a series of past data to predict outcomes.
运用一组数学规则，根据过去的数据序列来预测未来的一种预测。
5. qualitative forecasting: 定性预测
Forecasting that uses the judgment and opinions of knowledgeable individuals to predict outcomes.
运用判断和根据熟悉情况的人员的意见来预测结果的一种预测。
6. benchmarking : 标杆比较
The search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance.
寻求那些具有杰出绩效的竞争对手或非竞争对手的至佳实践。
7. resources : 资源
The assets of the organization including financial, physical, human, intangible, and structural/cultural.
一个组织的资产，它包括财务资源、物质资源、人力资源、无形资产，还有结构/文化资源。
8. budget: 预算
A numerical plan for allocating resources to specific activities.
一种数字性的计划，用以对特定的活动分配资源。
9. scheduling : 排程
Detailing what activities have to be done, the order in which they are to be completed, who is to do each, and when they are to be completed.
详细明确从事什么活动，哪些订单需要完成，谁来完成，什么时间完成。
10. Gannt chart : 甘特图
A scheduling chart developed by Henry Gannt that shows actual and planned output over a period of time.
亨利.甘特开发的一种排程图，表示整个期间上的计划产出与实际产出。
11. load chart: 负荷图
A modified Gantt chart that schedules capacity by entire department or specific resources.
一种改进的甘特图，它具有能列出全部部门或者是特定的资源的能力。
12. PERT network: PERT 网络
A flowchartlike diagram showing the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or costs associated with each..
一种流程型的图形，它描述了项目活动的顺序和时间，有时还加入相应的成本数据。
13. events: 事件
End points that represent the completion of major activities in a PERT network.
PERT网络图中一个代表主要活动的完成的节点。
14. activities: 活动
The time or resources needed to progress from one event to another in a PERT network..
在PERT网络图中代表了从一个事件到另一个事件的进展，它需要花费时间和耗费资源。
15. slack time: 松弛时间
The amount of time an individual activity can be delayed without delaying the whole project.
单个活动在不影响整个项目完工期的前提下可能被推迟完成的时间。
16. critical path: 关键路线
The longest sequence of events and activities in a PERT network..
PERT网络图中占用时间至长的一系列相互衔接的事件。
17. breakeven analysis：盈亏平衡分析
A technique for identifying the point at which total revenue is just sufficient to cover total costs.
一种用以确定盈亏平衡点，即哪一点上全部投入真好弥补全部成本的技术。
18. linear programming: 线性规划
A mathematical technique that solves resource allocation problems.
一种解决资源分配问题的数学技术。
19. project: 项目
A one-time-only set of activities that has a definite beginning and ending point in time.
一次性的一组活动，它具有明确的开始时间和结束时间。
20. project management: 项目管理
The task of getting a project’s activities done on time ,within budget, and according to specifications.
使项目活动按时间进行、不突破预算和符合规范的一种管理活动。
21. scenario: 脚本
A consistent view of what the future is likely to be.
对未来可能是什么样的一种一贯的观点。
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