Decision Making: The Essence of the Manager’s Job
1、decision: 决策
A choice from two or more alternatives.
在两个或更多的方案中做出一个选择。
2、decision—making process: 决策制定过程
A set of eight steps including identifying a problem, selecting an alternative, and evaluating the decision’s effectiveness.
一个包括识别问题，选择备案方案以及至终评估决策的结果等8个步骤的过程。
3、problem: 问题
A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.
现状与希望状态之间的差异。
4、decision criteria: 决策标准：
criteria that define what’s relevant in a decision.
决定什么与制定决策有关。
5、implementation: 实施
Conveying a decision to those affected and getting their commitment to it.
将决策传送给有关的人员和部门，并要求他们对实施结果做出承诺。
6、rational decision—making : 理性决策制定
Describes choices that are consistent and value-maximizing within specified constraints.
前后一致的，追求特定条件下价值化的选择。
7、bounded rationality : 有限理性
Decision—making Behavior that is rational, but limited (bounded) by an individual’s ability to process information.
决策行为表现出有限程度的理性，因为其受制于个人处理信息能力的局限性。
8、satisficing : 满意
Acceptance of solutions that are “good enough”.
所接受的决策方案只是“足够好”的。
9、escalation of commitment: 承诺升级：
An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong.
一种在过去决策的基础上不断增加承诺的现象，尽管有证据表明，已经做出的决策是错误的。
10、intuitive decision--making: 直觉决策
making decision on the basis of experience feeling and accumulated judgment.
基于决策者的经验，感觉以及积累的判断所做出的决策。
11、well—structured problems: 结构良好的问题
Straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.
一目了然的，熟悉的，容易定义的问题。
12、programmed decision: 程序化决策
A repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach.
可以通过例行措施处理的、可重复性使用的决策方案。
13、procedure: 程序
A series of interrelated sequential steps that can be used to respond to a well—structured problem.
相互关联的一系列顺序的步骤，管理者遵循这些步骤对结构化的问题做出响应。
14、rule: 规则
An explicit statement that tells managers what they can or cannot do.
一种明确的陈述，它告诉管理者能做什么和不能做什么。
15、policy: 政策
A guideline that establishes parameters for making decisions.
确立一些参数，为决策提供指南。
16、poorly structured problems: 结构不良的问题：
Problems that are new or unusual and for which information is ambiguous or incomplete.
新颖的，不经常发生的，信息模糊的和不完整的问题。
17、nonprogrammed decisions: 非程序化决策
a unique decision that requires a custom—made solution.
唯一的，现裁现做的来解决问题的决策。
18、certainty : 确定性
A situation in which a manager can make accurate decisions because all outcomes are known.
在这种情况下管理者可以制定出精确的决策，因为每一种方案的结果是已知的。
19、risk: 风险性
Those conditions in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.
在这种条件下，决策者能够估计出每一种备择方案的可能性或者结果。
20、Uncertainty : 不确定性
A situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability. estimates available.
在这种情况下，决策制定者既不能肯定它的结果又不能对概率做出合理的估计。
21、directive style : 命令型风格
A decision-making style characterized by low tolerance for ambiguity and a rational way of thinking.
具有较低的模糊承受力的人运用理性的思维方法的一种决策制定风格。
23、conceptual style : 概念型风格
A decision—making style characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.
具有较高的模糊承受力的人运用创造性的思维方法的一种决策制定风格。
24、behavioral style : 行为型风格
A decision—making style characterized by a low tolerance for ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.
具有较低的模糊承受力的人运用创造性的思维方法的一种决策制定风格。
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