F1知识点：Outsourcing and Offshoring

外包是指企业动态地配置自身和其他企业的功能和服务，并利用企业外部的资源为企业内部的生产和经营服务。外包是一个战略管理模型，所谓外包（Outsourcing），是企业为维持组织竞争核心能力，且因组织人力不足的困境，可将组织的非核心业务委托给外部的专业公司，以降低营运成本，提高品质，集中人力资源，提高顾客满意度。外包业是新近兴起的一个行业，它给企业带来了新的活力。

Definition: Contracting business functions out to an external organisation.

Examples:

·Legal work (e.g. review of contracts)

·Internal audit

·Marketing

·Web design

·Content writing

Advantages:

·Access to specialist skills— increased capability may increase quality

·Usually cost savings

·Labour flexibility (avoids "hire and fire")

Disadvantages:

·Increased reliance on third parties

·Lack of in-house expertise

OFFSHORING

离岸外包指外包商与其供应商来自不同国家，外包工作跨国完成。在世界经济全球化的潮流中，通过国际合作，利用国家或地区的劳动力成本差异，是企业实现降低生产成本，增强综合竞争力的有效途径。同样，软件领域里的国际软件外包，就形成了软件离岸外包的概念。离岸外包是企业充分利用国外资源和企业外部资源进行产业转移的一种形式，主要是指跨国公司利用发展中国家的低成本优势将生产和服务外包到发展中国家。

Definition: Relocation of production or other activities to a different country.

Examples:

·Call centres for customer service/support

·Manufacture of electronic components

·Airline reservations

·Credit card processing

Advantages:

·Lower costs (increase investors' returns)

·More skilled people

·Greater efficiency (work done more quickly)

Disadvantages:

·Transfers jobs to other counties

·Political risks

·Language and cultural

·Differences Poor communication