MA作为ACCA考试科目中较为基础的一门学科，其考试内容也比较简单，没有很多复杂的案例解析，因此学员可通过传统的记忆、背诵就可通过考试。以下为正保会计网校给大家汇总的MA科目中常见的公式，以供学员学习参考：
1. Equation of a straight line
y = a + bx
l y = total costs
l a = the fixed cost for the given period
l b = the variable cost per unit
l x = the number of units of activity
2. High-low method
Step 1 – select the highest and lowest activity levels, and their associated costs
Step 2 – find the variable cost per unit
Step 3 – find the fixed cost by substitution, using either the high or low activity level.
total cost at high activity level – total cost at low activity level
Variable cost per unit=
total units at high activity level – total units at low activity level
Fixed cost = (total cost at high activity level) – (total units at high activity level × variable cost per unit)
3. Free inventory balance
Materials in inventory
+ Materials on order from suppliers
- Materials requisitioned, not yet issued
= Free inventory balance
4. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
(Given in the exams)
Co = cost of placing one order
Ch = cost of holding one unit for one year
D = annual demand for stock item
Q = the order quantity
5. Economic Batch Quantity (EBQ)
(Given in the exams)
Q = the amount produced in each batch
D = demand per annum
Ch = cost of holding one unit for one year
Co = cost of setting up a batch ready to be produced
R = the production rate per time period (which must exceed the inventory usage)
6. Total Wages
Total wages = (hours worked × basic rate of pay per hour) + (overtime hours worked × overtime premium per hour)
7. Labor Turnover
No. of leavers who require replacement
Labor turnover = ---------------------------------------------- ----------------- X 100%
Average No. of employees
8. Labor Efficiency
Expected hours to produce actual output (standard hours)
Efficiency ratio = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100%
Actual hours to produce output
No. of hours spent working (active production)
Capacity ratio = --------------------------------------------------------------------------× 100%
Total hours available (budgeted)
Expected hours to produce actual output (standard hours)
Production volume ratio= -----------------------------------------------------------------------------× 100%
Total hours available (budgeted)
9. Absorption Rate
Overhead costs
Absorption rate = -------------------------------------
Volume of activity
Budgeted production overhead
Predetermined overhead absorption rate =-------------------------------------------------
Budgeted production activity
10. Marginal production cost
Marginal production cost = direct materials + direct labor + variable production overhead
Contribution = Sales – Variable cost
10. Marginal costing VS Absorption costing
If stock levels are rising, AC profit > MC profit
If stock levels are falling, AC profit < MC profit
If opening and closing stock levels are the same, AC profit = MC profit
Difference in profit = Change in inventory level × Fixed overheads absorption per unit
11. Conversion cost
Conversion cost = direct labor + production overheads
12. Correlation Coefficient
(Given in the exams) Where x and y represent pairs of data for two variables x and y n = the number of pairs of data used in the analysis |
Interpretation：
R = +1 perfect positive linear correlation
R between 0 and +1, positive correlation
R=0 no correlation
R between 0 and -1, negative correlation
R = -1 perfect negative linear correlation
13. Interest
l Simple interest
Where: V =Future value
X =Initial investment (present value)
r = Interest rate (expressed as a decimal)
n = Number of time periods
l Compound interest
Where: V =Future value
X =Initial investment (present value)
r = Interest rate (expressed as a decimal)
n = Number of time periods
l Effective interest rate
Where: r = Effective interest rate
i = Nominal interest rate
n = Number of time periods
14. IRR (using linear interpolation)
The steps in linear interpolation are:
(1) Calculate two NPVs for the project at two different costs of capital
(2) Using the following formula to find the IRR
Where: L = Lower rate of interest
H = Higher rate of interest
= NPV at lower rate of interest
= NPV at higher rate of interest
15. Payback Period
Payback period =
16. Annuity
PV = Annual cash flow X Annuity Factor
Annuity Factor:
17. Perpetuity
is known as the perpetuity factor
IRR of a perpetuity =
18. Variance
l Material price variance = Actual materials bought should cost－Did cost
l Material usage variance = (Actual output produced should use－Did use) × Standard price
l Labor rate variance = Actual hours worked should cost－Did cost
l Labor efficiency variance = (Actual output produced should take－Did take) ×Standard rate
l Variable overhead expenditure variance = Actual hours worked should cost－Did cost
l Variable overhead efficiency variance = (Actual output produced should take－Did take)× standard rate
l Fixed overhead absorption rate = budgeted fixed overhead / budgeted activity level
l Fixed overhead expenditure variance = Budget expenditure － Actual expenditure
l Fixed overhead volume variance = (Budget production volume in standard hours － Actual production volume in standard hours) × standard fixed overhead rate
l Fixed overhead volume Capacity variance = (actual hrs worked – budgeted hrs) × absorption rate
l Fixed overhead volume Efficiency variance = (standard hrs worked for actual production － actual hrs worked) × absorption rate
l Sales price variances = Actual sales units × ( Budget price － Actual price)
l Sales volume variances
(Budget sales units － Actual sales units) × standard profit per unit (Absorption costing)
Or × standard contribution per unit (Marginal costing)
19. Profitability measures
l Gross profit margin = Gross profit /Turnover
l Net profit margin= Net profit /Turnover
l ROCE=Profit/capital employed
*Capital employed =total assets – current liabilities
=total equity plus long-term debt
Profit =profit before interest and tax (PBIT)
l Asset turnover= sales × capital employed.
l ROCE =net profit margin ×asset turnover
l Residual Income
RI=Controllable profit —Notional interest on capital
Notional interest on capital = the capital employed X a notional cost of capital or interest rate.
20. Liquidity measures
l Current ratio= current assets/ current liability
l Quick ratio = (current assets-inventory) / current liability
l Receivable collection period =trade receivables ÷ sales × 365 days
l Inventory turnover period=inventory ÷ cost of sales × 365 days
l Inventory turnover=Cost of sales ÷ inventory
l Account payable payment period = (payables/purchases) ×365 days
l Working capital period= (working capital/cost of sales) ×365 days
or = (working capital/ operating costs) ×365 days
l
21. Cost per unit of process outputs
Process cost | = | $( cost incurred - scrap value of normal loss - NRV of by-product + disposal cost of normal loss) |
Expected output | Input - normal loss |
22. Concept of equivalent units
The FIFO method
Cost incurred in current period
Cost per EU = _______________________________________________________________
Opening WIP *(1- 上期完工率) + 本期开工且完工产品 + Closing WIP*本期完工率
Weighted average method
Cost of opening WIP in last period + Cost incurred in current period
Cost per EU = _______________________________________________________________
Opening WIP + 本期开工且完工产品 + Closing WIP*本期完工率
——————————————
以上内容由正保会计网校原创整理、汇总编辑，转载请注明出处。正保会计网校拥有众多专业的ACCA教学老师为广大学员提供7x24H在线答疑服务，独有一键预约电话回访系统解您后顾之忧！更多资讯欢迎点我咨询！如需了解更多A考知识点欢迎点击>此处查看
推荐阅读：
精品好课免费试听
