基本风险与特定风险

　　Fundamental risks are those which arise from causes outside tile control of any one individual or even a group of individuals. In addition， the effect of fundamental risks is felt by large numbers of people. This classification would include earthquakes， floods， famine， volcanoes and other natural “disasters”。 However it would not be accurate to limit fundamental risk to naturally occurring perils. Social change， political intervention and war are all capable of being interpreted as fundamental risks.

　　In contrast to this form of risk， which is impersonal in origin and widespread in effect， we have particular risks. Particular risks are much more personal both in their cause and effect. This would include many of the risks we have already mentioned such as fire， theft， work related injury and motor accidents. All of these risks arise from individual causes and affect individuals in their consequences.

　　基本风险是指那些由超出个人甚至是群体的原因引起的风险。而且很多人都能感受到基本风险的影响。这类风险包括地震、水灾、饥荒、火山及其他自然灾难。然而，把基本风险局限于自然危险是不准确的。社会变革，政治干涉和战争都可以被认为是基本风险。

　　与这种非人为而有广泛影响的风险相对的，我们说是特定风险。特定风险在起因和影响两方面都更加与人相关。它包括我们已经提到过的很多风险，例如火灾、偷窃、工伤以及车祸。所以这些风险由个人引起并且最终影响到个人。