How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery. Over the periods their（they are） saliva, a(and) mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today. It was not forced (the first) upon them by the survival competition; they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake is merely a luxury; it enables it to get (together) its food with very little(low) effort, no more effort than one bite. And why only snakes ? Cats(catch), for instance, would be greatly helped; no running fights(fight) with large, fierce rats or tussles(tussle) with grown rabbits-just a bite and no more effort needed. In fact it would(will) be an assistance(a system) to all the carnivorae--though it would be a two-edged weapon -When they fought eachother. But, of(in) the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard). One wonders also why Nature, with(were) some snakes concocted poison of such extreme potency.
In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place(to place). It did not; some snakes manufactured(manufacture) a(the) poison different in every respect from that of others, as different as arsenic is from （other snakes to）trychnine, and having different effects. One poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood.
The makers(make) of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras and their venom is called neurotoxic.Vipers (adders) and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic. Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison. It is said that the nerve poison
is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is , so to speak, a newer(newl) product from an improved formula. Be that as it may(lead that as it may), the nerve poison does its business(experience) with man far more quickly than the blood poison. This,however,means nothing.Snakes did not acquire(aquire) their poison for use against man but for use against prey(preys) such as rats and mice, and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.
漏听的词就直接写上，如下面的analysis,听错的则用横线相连，如把their听成they are，就记为their-they are，为了使自己便于看懂，有时需要把听写正确的也写上，用括弧括起，如下面的be (that)as it may-lead (that) is made,其中that就为已经听出的，统计错误时就不计在内。
听写记录
篇幅：353 词。 语速：175词/分
听写: 5遍。 1 小时
听写 错误:
1、听力: their-they are, a-and, analysis, forced-the first, enables ，it，to get-together,its,with very little-low, cat-catch, for instance, fights-fight,tussles-tussle, an assistance-a system, of the,多one, with-were, of-in, a-the, is from-other snakes to，these-this, makers-maker, newer-newl, be (that)as it may-lead (that) is made, its business-experience, prey-preys。
4）辨音错误： with very little-low, cat-catch, an assistance-a system, is from-other snakes to，these-this, newer-newl，be (that)as it may-lead (that) is made,
5）连读错误，把一个词听成几个词或把几个词听成一个词，their-they are, forced-the first, to get-together, its business-experience
2语法错误：
In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place，我把took place 写成to place，that从句就没有谓语了。
3拼写错误：把acquire写成aquire
4生词：vertebrates, concocted, haemolytic
学习记录二:
lesson 26 ：Virtue and（than） a Fast Gun 篇幅：308 词；语速：123词/分。
William S. Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns. From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged. It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or the honest but framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.
Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually 'knew something of the old West. He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier. And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.
Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indian were bewildered by politicians, bankers and business-men, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos. Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider,always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.
Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple. We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.
a）听写记录的作用：
网友sious：
即使听写对了，对于语法方面又有什么帮助呢，考试不能都评语感吧。
实际上听写对于语法方面的帮助, 不是在你听写对了体现出来, 而是在你听写错了才体现出来。 比如第三人称单数谓语未加s，不少人写英语时都会犯这个错误；又如我在听写记录中took place错为 to place, 再如我在听写 as soon as knowledge is acquired这句话时漏掉了is, 这个从句就没有谓语了。这些错误,平常读英语时你是不会发现自己会在这些地方犯错误的，只有通过听写才能暴露出来。类似的错误即使听写时没听出来,也应该能够从语法知识上判断出来。把自己的听写记录与原文进行核对,找出有差错的地方，总结一下自己为什么会在这些地方犯错误, 是不小心,还是语法基础不扎实,不清楚的再翻翻语法书。 由此印象深刻, 下次就会在这些地方比较注意。语法知识如此逐步变扎实。 这就是为什么我刚开始听写时, 150词的<<新概念2>>41课, 我错了25%, 而且多为语法与拼写错误。 现在<<新概念4>>中400词的课文, 我一般差错率小于10%。 而语法与拼写错误已经很少了。"
平常大家在听或读英语时,是很难察觉到自己会在哪些方面发生错误的。而在说和写时, 这个问题就比较严重。这也就是应用能力的问题。 而考试的弊端也在此, 这就是为什么英语考试得高分的人不一定能流利使用英语的原因之一---尽管他们在试卷的语法部分能得高分。
在听写过程中,不断回忆复习巩固基本的语法知识，如此经常运用反复熟练, 到需要"说"和"写"时, 这些平日的积累就会派上用场。听写纪录不仅能暴露自己的缺点，它也记录所取得的进步。如我刚开始听写150词的课文错误率为25%,到后来听写400词左右的课文错误率低于10％，语法与拼写错误已经很少了，主要是没听清的生词等。能不断看到自己的进步，学习才会越学越有劲。成就感是最好的学习动力，这也是baobab能坚持下来的原因 。
b）如何做听写记录：
核对原文时，大家可以先用色笔在自己的听写文本上修正，然后再分类记录听写错误。有把握的也可省略色笔修正步骤，直接边核对边做听写记录。
听写纪录一般包括以下几项:
（1）起止时间。
（2） 错误分类：
1,听力错误：即听错和没听清的部分如:out-our。 漏掉of这样的小词。
2语法错误:如主谓不一致，第三人称单数(he)don't-(he)does。
3拼写错误: 听懂的词拼错了 如grammar-grammer。
4生词：未学过的词
（3）分别统计各项错误, 并计算错误率。
大家注意，“错误率“是仅就该篇听写记录而言的。听力难度包括语速、文章难度（句式、词汇量、背景知识）、还有读音清晰与否（省音连读弱读），录音清晰度（是否有干扰噪音）、口音等等。即使同一盘磁带, 不同的播音员朗读速度各不相同, 甚至同一个人在朗读不同的文章语速都很有可能不同。
值得注意的是，读音清晰与否对听力理解影响也很大。以新概念各录音版本为例，外研社是语速最慢发音最清晰的，几乎无连读弱读。世界图书出版公司引进的朗文原版录音语速与上海外教语速差不多，朗文是BBC播音员朗读，发音非常漂亮，适当省音连读，上外男声省音连读弱读非常多。如果想提高听力，建议选用难度大的材料进步才快。
以baobab为例， 新概念4的后几十课都听写世图版, 看看正确率一直都不错, 还以为自己听力突飞猛进呢, 没想到有天听写上外版大受打击, 实在听不出了换上世图版就听写出来了, 看看还都听写到五十多课了, 非常后悔前面几十课没有听写上外版的录音。所以单纯从错误率来判断听力进度是片面的。
下面以baobab当初学习上外版新概念4错误率最高的与错误率最低的两篇听写记录为例，从以下两篇听写记录可看出,<<新概念4>>的25,26课, 篇幅,难度,生词数量差不多 , 差别只在于语速。 若我没计算语速, 就会被单纯的"听写错误率"所蒙蔽, 而沾沾自喜, 以为听力在一夜之间“突飞猛进”：
《新概念4》学习实录：黑体字为未听懂的原文，括弧内为错误的
学习记录一:
lesson 25 ：The snake
听写文本
How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery. Over the periods their（they are） saliva, a(and) mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today. It was not forced (the first) upon them by the survival competition; they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake is merely a luxury; it enables it to get (together) its food with very little(low) effort, no more effort than one bite. And why only snakes ? Cats(catch), for instance, would be greatly helped; no running fights(fight) with large, fierce rats or tussles(tussle) with grown rabbits-just a bite and no more effort needed. In fact it would(will) be an assistance(a system) to all the carnivorae--though it would be a two-edged weapon -When they fought eachother. But, of(in) the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard). One wonders also why Nature, with(were) some snakes concocted poison of such extreme potency.
In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place(to place). It did not; some snakes manufactured(manufacture) a(the) poison different in every respect from that of others, as different as arsenic is from （other snakes to）trychnine, and having different effects. One poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood.
The makers(make) of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras and their venom is called neurotoxic.Vipers (adders) and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic. Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison. It is said that the nerve poison
is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is , so to speak, a newer(newl) product from an improved formula. Be that as it may(lead that as it may), the nerve poison does its business(experience) with man far more quickly than the blood poison. This,however,means nothing.Snakes did not acquire(aquire) their poison for use against man but for use against prey(preys) such as rats and mice, and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.
漏听的词就直接写上，如下面的analysis,听错的则用横线相连，如把their听成they are，就记为their-they are，为了使自己便于看懂，有时需要把听写正确的也写上，用括弧括起，如下面的be (that)as it may-lead (that) is made,其中that就为已经听出的，统计错误时就不计在内。
听写记录
篇幅：353 词。 语速：175词/分
听写: 5遍。 1 小时
听写 错误:
1、听力: their-they are, a-and, analysis, forced-the first, enables ，it，to get-together,its,with very little-low, cat-catch, for instance, fights-fight,tussles-tussle, an assistance-a system, of the,多one, with-were, of-in, a-the, is from-other snakes to，these-this, makers-maker, newer-newl, be (that)as it may-lead (that) is made, its business-experience, prey-preys。
2、语法: would-will, manufactured-manufacture,took (place)-to (place)
3、拼写: acquire-aquire
4、生词: vertebrates, concocted, haemolytic
错误统计: 听力40, 语法3,拼写1, 生词3。 共计:47 错误率: 13。31%
翻译: 1 小时。
翻译错误: 错误: 5处(略)
<<新概念自学词典>>, 15min。
背诵课文:50 min, 朗诵: 15min。背生词: 6min(27个生词)
(注: 此处"背诵课文"指能熟记课文无误, "朗诵"指能流利朗读)
共计: 3小时25分钟
为了让大家更明白一些错误分类，下面对以上的听写记录做错误分析。
1听力错误：
1）没听出来：analysis, enables ，for instance, with very，多one,
2）小词没听出来或听错：it，its, a-and, of the, with-were, of-in, a-the,
3）弱读没听出来：makers-maker, prey-preys，fights-fight, tussles-tussle,
4）辨音错误： with very little-low, cat-catch, an assistance-a system, is from-other snakes to，these-this, newer-newl，be (that)as it may-lead (that) is made,
5）连读错误，把一个词听成几个词或把几个词听成一个词，their-they are, forced-the first, to get-together, its business-experience
2语法错误：
In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place，我把took place 写成to place，that从句就没有谓语了。
3拼写错误：把acquire写成aquire
4生词：vertebrates, concocted, haemolytic
学习记录二:
lesson 26 ：Virtue and（than） a Fast Gun 篇幅：308 词；语速：123词/分。
William S. Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns. From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged. It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or the honest but framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.
Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually 'knew something of the old West. He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier. And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.
Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indian were bewildered by politicians, bankers and business-men, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos. Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider,always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.
Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple. We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.
听写: 5遍。 1 小时
听写 错误:
1、听力: and-than, 漏听outlaw, the,
2、语法: 无
3、拼写: 无
4、生词: 无
错误统计: 听力 3, 语法0,拼写0, 生词0。共计:3 错误率: 1%
翻译: 40 min 错误: 5处(略)
<<新概念自学词典>>, 15min。
背诵课文 40 min 朗诵: 10min。
生词 10min (21个生词)(注:先背课文, 生词就很容易记了)
共计: 2小时55分钟
关于语速与文章长度，如果所听材料语速、长度差不多，第一次统计就好了，换材料时再统计一下。标明各项学习时间其实是我的习惯，为了看自己的学习效率，也可知道自己到底花了多少时间学习，相当于自我监督罢。
14年前
暂无评论