Section 4: Journals and Double-entry Rule Key Words, Phrases and Special Terms
Accounting entry
会计分录
Accounts payable
应付帐款
Accounts receivable
应收帐款
Balance
余额
Cash payments journal
现金支出日记帐
Cash receipts journal
现金收入日记帐
Chart of accounts
会计科目一览表
Chronological record
序时记录
Code of accounts
帐簿编号
Credit
贷方，贷记
Credit balance
贷方余额
Credit entry
贷方分录
Debit
借记，借方
Debit balance
借方余额
Debit entry
借方分录
Double-entry accounting
复式记帐
Equality
相等
Fees income
规费收入
General journal
普通日记帐
Journal entry
日记帐分录
Journalizing
登记日记帐
Preferable
更可取的，更好的
Purchases journal
购货日记帐，采购日记账
Sales journal
销售日记帐
Special journal
特殊日记帐
4.1 Journals日记帐 4.1.1 Definition of Journals日记账的定义 In practice, accountants record transactions first in a journal, 在实践中，会计师首先是在日记帐中记录企业的经济业务which is a chronological record of each business transaction in order of date. 日记帐是按照时间顺序对每笔经济业务的序时记录。 After the transaction has been recorded in the journal, the debit and credit changes in the individual account are entered in the ledger. 在经济业务记入日记帐之后，再将每个帐户的借贷变化记入分类账中。 Since the journal is the accounting record in which transactions are first recorded, it is sometimes called the book of original entry.由于日记帐是经济业务被首次记录的会计帐簿，因而有时也称其为原始分类帐簿。 One widely used journal is called the general journal普通日记帐. In most businesses this journal is used to record non-cash transactions非现金交易. A general journal format looks like this: 普通日记账格式：
Date
Acct. #
Account Description
Debit/Dr
Credit/Cr
The date column refers to the date the transaction took place, not necessarily the date the transaction is recorded. 表中日期为交易发生的日期，不是记帐日期。 The second column refers to the account number associated with the account. In traditional bookkeeping systems accounts are coded编码 according to whether they are assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, or expense. The third column refers to the full name of the account. 帐户名称 The next two columns indicate whether the account is to be debited or credited and in what amount. By convention the account to be debited is listed before the account to be credited. The term “credit” is often abbreviated “Cr”, while debit is abbreviated “Dr” Many businesses maintain several types of journals.许多公司设有多种类型的日记帐。 The types of special journals depends on the nature of the business, buta few typesare frequently seen in businesses that rely on manual accounting procedures: 通常开设的特种日记账包括：
4.1.2 Application of Journals日记账的应用 The process of recording transaction in journals usually follows these five steps:在日记帐中记录经济业务的过程一般包括以下5个步骤 1）Identify the transactions from source documents, such as bank deposit slips, sale receipts, and check stubs.根据原始凭证，如银行帐单，销货发票，支票存根等确认交易的发生。 2）Specify each account affected by the transactions and classify it by type（ asset, liability, or owner’s equity）.具体确认交易影响的帐户及其性质（资产，负债或业主权益）。 3）Determine whether each account is increased or decreased by the transactions.通过交易明确各帐户是增加还是减少。 4）Use the rules of debit and credit, determine whether to debit or credit the account to record its increase or decrease.使用借贷记帐规则，确定是借记还是贷记该帐户，以反映该帐户的增减变化。 5）Enter the transactions in the journal based on the double-entry accounting including a brief explanation for the journal entry. The debit side of the entry is entered first and the credit side next. 根据复式记帐原则在日记帐中记录交易，并简述日记帐分录的内容，先写会计分录的借方，再写会计分录的贷方。 4.2 Double-entry Rule复式记帐规则 4.2.1 Definition: Every transaction is recorded in two or more accounts with equal debits and credits. The debits in the ledger must equal the credits. 是指对发生的每一项经济业务都要以相等的金额在相互联系的两个或两个以上的帐户中进行登记的一种记帐方法。 Debits and Credits借贷记帐法: Are the most fundamental concepts in accounting,the equality of debits and credits provides the basis for the universally used double-entry system of recording transactions. 是以复式记帐的基本原理为基础，以‘资产=负债+所有者权益’的会计恒等式为理论依据，以“借”，“贷”为记帐符号，以“有借必有贷，借贷必相等”为记帐规则，反映会计对象具体内容增减变动情况和结果的一种方法。
Whether a posting on the left constitutes an increase or decrease depends upon the nature of the account. Here are the rules: 记录增减的规则： 1.Increases in asset and expense accounts are recorded on the left side of the “T”, while decreases in assets are recorded on the right side. So to increase an asset we debit it. To decrease it we credit it. T型帐户左边记录资产或费用的增加；资产减少记录在右边。资产增加作为借记；资产的减少作为贷记。 2.Increases in liability, equity and revenue accounts are reflected on the right side of the “T”, while decreases are reflected on the left side. So to increase a liability we credit it, to decrease a liability we debit it. T型帐户右边记录负债、权益以及收入账户的增加；作为负债、所有者权益或收入的减少记录在左方。负债增加记为贷记；负债的减少记为借记。 The logic of these rules follows directly from the location of the accounts in the basic accounting equation. The left side of the accounting equation includes all the asset accounts and the right side contains all the liability and equity accounts. To increase an asset account, remember that the assets are on the left side of the fundamental equation, and so you record an entry on the left side of the “T”. To increase an equity or liability account, remember that these accounts are located on the right side of the fundamental equation, and so you record an entry on the right side of the “T”. 本规则的依据是最基本的会计恒等式。会计恒等式的左边是所有资产的账户，右边是所有者权益和负债的帐户。出现在会计恒等式左边的账户的增加都是借方，出现在会计恒等式左边的账户的增加都是贷方。 To decrease accounts in any category record on the opposite side of the “T” from their location in the fundamental equation, for example, to decrease an asset account, which is on the left side of the equation, record an entry on the right side of the “T”. To decrease a liability or equity account, record an entry on the left. This reasoning also works for revenue and expense accounts. Revenues are increases in equity and expenses are decreases in equity: Because equity is on the right side of the equation, record an increase in a revenue account on the right side of the “T” account. So to increase revenue we credit it. On the other hand, because expenses are decreases in equity, they are recorded on the left side of the “T”. So to increase an expense we debit it. Most transactions posted to revenue accounts are credits. Most transactions posted to expense accounts are debits. Asset, liability, and equity account transactions have substantially equal amounts of increases and decreases. Here is a table summarizing the posting rules记帐原则汇总:
Summarized Debit and Credit Rules
Account Type
To Increase
To Decrease
Asset
Debit
Credit
Liability
Credit
Debit
Equity
Credit
Debit
Revenue
Credit
Debit
Expense
Debit
Credit
4.2.2 The use of “T” accounts T型帐户的使用 Debit can be abbreviated as简写为Dr., while credit can be abbreviated as Cr. Debits and Credits are recorded in a T account as shown below:
Debit entries are made on the left side of the vertical line and credit entries are made on the right side of the vertical line. Debits and credits are neither positive nor negative values. The balance on an account is either a debit or a credit, not a positive or a negative value. Dividend, Expense, Asset and Losses （abbreviated as "D-E-A-L"） accounts increase in value when debited and decrease when credited, whereas Gains, Income, Revenues, Liability and Stockholder's （Owner's） equity （abbreviated as "G-I-R-L-S"） accounts decrease in value when debited and increase when credited. For instance, the journal entry for paying the telephone bill might look like this:
Description
Debits
Credits
Phone expense
$200
Cash
$200
The telephone company would record the exact same transaction （from their side） like this:
Description
Debits
Credits
Cash
$200
Revenue
$200
Let us examine the transactions that occurred in Peter Darton’s practice during the first month of operation. Transaction（1）March 1 Mr Darton invested $4,000 in cash to open his practice. The two accounts affected are Cash and Capital. Remember that an increase in an asset （cash） is debited, whereas an increase in capital is credited.
Transaction（2）March 4 bought office supplies for cash, $300. Here we are substituting one asset（cash）for another asset（supplies）.We debit Supplies because we are receiving more supplies. We credit Cash because we are paying out cash.
Transaction（3）March 5 Bought office furniture from Stanley Furniture Company on account, $2,000. We are receiving an asset and, therefore, debit Furniture to show the increase. We are not paying cash but creating a new liability, thereby increasing the liability account （Accounts Payable）.
Transaction（4）March 15 Received $2,500 in fees earned during the month. In this case, we are increasing the asset account Cash, since we have received $2,500. Therefore, we debit it. We are increasing the capital, yet we do not credit capital. It is better temporarily to separate the income from the owners’ equity （capital） and create a new account, Fees Income （also known as Revenue）.
Transaction（5）March 30 Paid office rent for March, $500. We must decrease the asset account Cash because we are paying out money. Therefore, we credit it. It is preferable to keep expenses separated from the owners’ equity. Therefore, we open a new account for the expense involved, Rent Expense. The $500 is entered on the left side, since expense decreases capital.
Transaction（6）March 30 Paid salary for part-time help, $200. Again, we must reduce our asset account Cash because we are paying out money. Therefore, we credit the account. Darton’s capital was reduced by an expense; thus we open another account, Salaries Expense. A debit to this account shows the decrease in capital.
Transaction （7） March 31 Paid $1,200 to Stanley Furniture Company on account. This transaction reduced our asset Cash because we are paying out money. We therefore credit Cash. We also reduce our liability Account Payable by $1,200; we now owe that much less. Thus, we debit Accounts Payable.
Transaction（8） March 31 After taking an inventory at the end of the month, Darton found that he had used $200 worth of supplies. We must reduce the asset account supplies by crediting it for $200. Supplies Expense is debited for the decrease in capital. This is computed as follows: Beginning inventory of $300, less supplies on hand at the end of the month $ 100, indicates that $200 must have been used during the month.
Transaction （9） March 31 Withdraw $400 for personal use. The withdrawal of cash means that there is a reduction in the asset account Cash. Therefore, it is credited. The amount invested by the owner is also $400 less. We must open the account Drawing, which is debited to show the decrease in capital.
4.2.3 Normal Balance The normal balance of each type of account is a debit or credit balance depending on which side of the account is used to record increases. 任一类型帐户的正常余额为借方或贷方取决于帐户的那一方用于记录增加。 The balance side （normal balance） is on the same side that the account appears in the accounting equation. 余额方（正常余额）与会计等式中帐户出现的方向处于同一方。 There are different types of accounts and these accounts are expected to hold either a debit balance or a credit balance. Since assets appear on the left side of the equation, the balance side for assets is on the left side （debit side）. Since liabilities and owner’s equity accounts appear on the right side of the accounting equation, the increase side for these accounts is on the right side （credits）. Asset accounts and expense accounts are expected to always have a debit balance. Gain, Income and Liability Accounts are expected to always have a credit balance. If the value of the debits is greater than the value of the credits, then the balance on the account is a debit balance and should not be described as a positive value balance, but should be described as an account with a debit balance. The typical cumulative end of period balances are as follows:
Normal Ending Account Balances帐户期末余额方向
Asset accounts
debit
Liability accounts
credit
Revenue accounts
credit
Expense accounts
debit
4.3. Chart of Accounts 会计科目 4.3.1 Definition A chart of accounts is a general ledger listing of all accounts, complete with reference numbers or a similar type of unique account identification. 科目一览表列式了企业采用的所有帐户。 A chart of accounts can be used to view specific financial information about a company or organization in order to assist in making financial decisions.用来统揽企业财务信息。 4.3.2 Code of Chart of Accounts科目一览表 Account names should be descriptive and clear. For example, rent is unclear. It could be an asset（prepaid rent）, a liability （ unearned rent ） , a revenue （ rent earned ）, or an expense account （ rent expense）. Account numbers are assigned according to a pre-established system, which uses a three-digit account numbering system. 帐户编号是根据一种预先确立的系统设计的，这一系统采用三位的帐户编号体系。More complex businesses use four, five, or more digits as account numbers. 较复杂的企业采用四位或五位甚至更多位作为帐户编号。 The following is a simple example of a chart of account of Peter Darton.以下是公司科目一览表的一个简单实例。 A Chart of Accounts
14年前
暂无评论