DEFINITION

（1）Financial instrument

Financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

金融工具，是指形成一方的金融资产并形成其他方的金融负债或权益工具的合同。

（2）Financial assets

Any asset that is:

a.cash

b.an equity instrument of another entity

c.a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity; or to

d.exchange financial instruments with another entity under conditions that arepotentially favourable to the entity.

金融资产，是指企业持有的现金、其他方的权益工具（比如持有上市公司股票）以及符合下列条件之一的资产：

a.从其他方收取现金或其他金融资产的合同权利；

b.在潜在有利条件下，与其他方交换金融资产或金融负债的合同权利。

c.将来须用或可用企业自身权益工具（自己的股票）进行结算的非衍生工具合同，且企业根据该合同将收到可变数量的自身权益工具；

d.将来须用或可用企业自身权益工具进行结算的衍生工具合同，但以固定数量的自身权益工具交换固定金额的现金或其他金融资产的衍生工具合同除外。

Examples：trade receivables（应收账款） options（期权） investment in equity shares（权益性投资）

（3）Financial liabilities

A contractual obligation:

a.to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity, or

b.to exchange financial instruments with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable.

金融负债是指企业符合下列条件之一的负债：

a.向其他方交付现金或其他金融资产的合同义务。

b.在潜在不利条件下，与其他方交换金融资产或金融负债的合同义务。

c.将来须用或可用企业自身权益工具进行结算的非衍生工具合同，且企业根据该合同将交付可变数量的自身权益工具。

d.将来须用或可用企业自身权益工具进行结算的衍生工具合同（将来结算会涉及现金），但以固定数量的自身权益工具交换固定金额的现金或其他金融资产的衍生工具合同除外。

Examples：trade payables（应付账款） debenture loans （债券） redeemable preference shares（优先股）

（4）Equity instrument

Any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

权益工具,是指能证明拥有某个企业在扣除所有负债后的资产中的剩余权益的合同。

（5）DISTINGUISH OF 债务 AND EQUITY INSTRUMENT

（区分金融负债和权益工具需考虑的因素）

Entities which issue financial instruments should classify them (or their component parts) as either financial liabilities, or equity

The classification depends on the following.

a.The substance of the contractual arrangement on initial recognition 合同所反映的经济实质

b.The definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument 工具的特征

3.Compound instruments

Compound instruments may combine features of both equity instruments and financial liabilities. For example, Convertible 债务, in such case, equity and liability should beaccounted separately in financial statement. IAS 32 requires compound financial instruments be split into their component parts:

A financial liability Calculate the present value for the liability component.

An equity instrument (conversion right)Deduct the liability from the instrument as awhole to leave a residual value for the equity component.

Transaction cost should be deducted from the proceeds

复合金融工具企业发行的某些非衍生金融工具（如可转换公司债券等）既含有负债成分，又含有权益成分。对此，企业应当在初始确认时将负债和权益成分进行分拆，分别进行处理。在进行分拆时，应当先确定负债成分的公允价值并以此作为其初始确认金额，再按照该金融工具整体的发行价格扣除负债成分初始确认金额后的金额确定权益成分的初始确认金额。

4. Measurement计量

（1）Initial measurement 初始计量

Financial instruments are initially measured at the fair value of the consideration given or received plus (or minus in the case of financial liabilities), in case of a financial instrument not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs.

企业初始确认金融资产或金融负债，应当按照公允价值计量。对于以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产和金融负债，相关交易费用应当直接计入当期损益；对于其他类别的金融资产或金融负债，相关交易费用应当计入初始确认金额。

（2）SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT

On initial recognition, IFRS 9 requires that financial assets are classified as measured at either:

Amortised cost, or Fair value

Subsequent measurement depends on whether the financial asset is a 债务 instrument or an equity instrument.

金融资产的后续计量与金融资产的分类密切相关。

De债务 instrument

A 债务 instrument that meets the following conditions can be measured at amortised cost

(net of any write down for impairment):

金融资产同时符合下列条件的，应当分类为以摊余成本计量的金融资产：

a.Business model test: The objective of the entity’s business model is to hold thefinancial asset to collect the contractual cash flows (rather than to sell the instrument prior to its contractual maturity to realize its fair value changes)

业务模式评估：企业管理该金融资产的业务模式是以收取合同现金流量为目标。

b.Cash flow characteristics test: The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal outstanding

金融资产的合同现金流量特征：该金融资产的合同条款规定，在特定日期产生的现金流量，仅为对本金和以未偿付本金金额为基础的利息的支付。

（3）SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT-债务 INSTRUMENT

Assets held at amortised cost are measured using the effective interest method.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial instrument and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument to the net carrying amount.

以摊余成本计量的金融资产的会计处理应采用实际利率法：实际利率法，是指计算金融资产或金融负债的摊余成本以及将利息收入或利息费用分摊计入各会计期间的方法。

实际利率，是指将金融资产或金融负债在预计存续期的估计未来现金流量，折现为该金融资产账面余额（不考虑减值）或该金融负债摊余成本所使用的利率。

（4）Fair value option 公允价值选择权
IFRS 9 allows the option to initially measure a financial asset at fair value through profit or loss where a mismatch would otherwise arise between the asset and a related liability. Inthis case, the asset will also be subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss

在初始确认时，为了提供更相关的会计信息，企业可以将一项金融资产、一项金融负债或者一组金融工具(金融资产、金融负债或者金融资产及负债)指定为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产或金融负债，但该指定应当满足下列条件之一：

a.该指定能够消除或显著减少会计错配。

b.根据正式书面文件载明的企业风险管理或投资策略，以公允价值为基础对金融负债组合或金融资产和金融负债组合进行管理和业绩评价，并在企业内部以此为基础向关键管理人员报告。

（5）SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT-EQUITY INSTRUMENTS

All equity investments in scope of IFRS 9 are to be measured at fair value in the statement of financial position, with value changes recognized in profit or loss.

Other comprehensive income option：If an equity investment is not held for trading, an entity can make an irrevocable election at initial recognition to measure it at fair value through other comprehensive income(FVTHOCI) with only dividend income recognized in profit or loss. Equity derivatives are excluded from adoption this designation.

企业的权益工具投资应当分类为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产。

特殊情况：非交易性权益工具投资（业务模式为长期持有/获取稳定分红/不关心价格波动），直接指定为以公允价值计量且其变动计入其他综合收益的金融资产。该指定一经做出，不得撤销。

5.RECLASSIFICATION

For financial assets, reclassification is required between FVTPL and amortised cost, or vice versa, if and only if the entity’s business model objective for its financial assets changes so its previous model assessment would no longer apply.

If classification is appropriate, it must be done prospectively from the reclassification date.

An entity does not restate any previously recognized gains, losses or interest.

企业改变其管理金融资产的业务模式时，应当按照规定对所有受影响的相关金融资产进行重分类。企业对所有金融负债均不得进行重分类。企业对金融资产进行重分类，应当自重分类日起采用未来适用法进行相关会计处理，不得对以前已经确认的利得、损失（包括减值损失或利得)或利息进行追溯调整。

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