P3知识点讲解：Poter’s five forces model

波特五力模型是迈克尔·波特（Michael Porter）于20世纪80年代初提出，它认为行业中存在着决定竞争规模和程度的五种力量，这五种力量综合起来影响着产业的吸引力以及现有企业的竞争战略决策。五种力量分别为同行业内现有竞争者的竞争能力、潜在竞争者进入的能力、替代品的替代能力、供应商的讨价还价能力、购买者的讨价还价能力。

Porter's five forces model focuses on the competitive nature of an industry and therefore attractiveness of a market.

Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. They consist of forces which affect a company's ability to serve its customers and make a profit. A change in any of these forces normally would require a company to reassess the marketplace.

Porter claimed that there are five "competitive forces" affecting every industry and that, in most, some force other than rivalry has the greatest impact on the levels of margin earned:

The threat of new entrants to the industry;

The threat of substitute products or services;

The bargaining power of suppliers;

The bargaining power of customers; and

The rivalry among current competitors in the industry.

关于五力分析模型的实践运用一直存在许多争论。较为一致的看法是：该模型更多是一种理论思考工具，而非可以实际操作的战略工具。该模型的理论是建立在以下三个假定基础之上的：

1、制定战略者需要了解整个行业的信息，显然现实中是难于做到的。

2、同行业之间只有竞争关系，没有合作关系。但现实中企业之间存在多种合作关系，不一定是你死我活的竞争关系。

3、行业的规模是固定的，因此，只有通过夺取对手的份额来占有更大的资源和市场。但现实中企业之间往往不是通过吃掉对手而是与对手共同做大行业的蛋糕来获取更大的资源和市场。同时，市场可以通过不断的开发和创新来增大容量。