2012年度全国职称英语等级考试卫生类(C级)试题
第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线。请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1 We had trouble finding a pure water supply．
A typical B complete C clear D clean
2 Keep your passport in a secure place．
A safe B special C good D different
3 Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early．
A selected B operated C discovered D developed
4 0n the table was a vase filled with artificial flowers．
A wild B false C fresh D lovely
5 The story was published with the sole purpose of selling newspapers．
A only B reaI C main D practical
6 I’d Iike to withdraw ￡500 from my current account．
A leave B pay C put D draw
7 He kept in constant contact with his family while he was in Australia．
A gradual B direct C regular D occasional
8 She only needs a minute amount of money．
A small B certain C fair D full
9 “What do you mean by that?”Paul asked sharply．
A helplessly B politely C quickly D critically
10 Did she accept his research proposal?
A invitation B plan C offer D view
11 The city centre was wiped out by the bomb．
A covered B reduced C destroyed D moved
12 The contempt he felt for his fellow students was obvious．
A need B love C hate D pity
13 A large crowd assembled outside the American embassy．
A watched B shouted C walked D gathered
14 He inspired many young people to take up the sport．
A allowed B encouraged C called D advised
15 The storm caused severe damage．
A serious B physical C accidental D environmental
第二部分 阅读判断 (第l6～22题，每题l分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出剡断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Tiny Invaders
The human body is truly amazing. It allows us to sense the world around us, to do work and have fun, and to move from place to place. In fact, the human body does its work so well that most people don't think about it very much -- until they get sick.
The germs（致病菌）that make people sick are everywhere. You can't see them, but they're there. They're sitting on your desk. They're hiding on your computer's keyboard. They're even in the air that you are breathing. There are two types of germs: viruses and bacteria（细菌）.Viruses are germs that can only live inside animals or plants. Viruses cause illnesses such as flu and measles（麻疹）.Bacteria are tiny creatures. Some bacteria are good. They can help your stomach break down food. Other bacteria aren't so good. They can-make you sick. Bacteria can cause sore throats（喉痛）and ear infections.
How can you stop these tiny invaders from making you sick? Your skin is the first defense against germs. You can prevent some illnesses simply by washing, with soap and water. But germs can still enter the body through small cuts in the skin or through the mouth, eyes, and nose.
Once germs are inside your body, your immune（免疫的）system tries to protect you. It looks for and destroys germs. How does it do that? Special cells patrol your body. Some of these cells actually eat germs! Other cells make antibodies. An antibody sticks to a germ. There is a different antibody for each kind of germ. Some antibodies keep germs from making you sick. Others help your body find and kill germs. After a germ is destroyed, the antibodies stay in your body. They protect you if the same kind of germ comes back. That way you will not get the same illness twice.
You can keep your body healthy by eating a nutritious（有营养的）diet to make your immune system strong. You can also help your immune system fight germs by getting vaccinated（接种）.Vaccines are medicines. They contain germs that have been killed or weakened. The dead germs can't make you sick. Instead, they cause your body to make antibodies. If the same germ ever shows up again, then your antibodies attack it.
16. Viruses can only live inside people or animals.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
17. All bacteria cause illnesses.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
18. Washing your skin can prevent some illnesses.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
19. Germs can enter the body through the eyes.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
20. The heart contains the body's strongest muscle.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
21. After they kill germs, antibodies stay in the body.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
22. Vaccines can make you sick.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 (第23～30题，每题l分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择l个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Alcoholism
1 Yes, alcoholism can be treated. Alcoholism treatment programs use both counseling and medication（药物治疗）to help a person stop drinking. Most alcoholics need help to recover from their disease. With support and treatment, many people are able to stop drinking and rebuild their lives.
2 A range of medication is used to treat alcoholism. Benzodiazepines（苯二氮平类药物） are sometimes used during the first days after a person stops drinking to help him or her safely withdraw from alcohol. However, these medications are not used beyond the first few days because they may be highly addictive. Other medications help people remain sober(清醒）．One medication used for this purpose is naltrexone（环丙甲羟二羟吗啡酮）． When combined with counseling, naltrexone can reduce the strong desire for alcohol and help prevent a person from returning to heavy drinking. Another medication, disulfiram （戒酒硫）, discourages drinking by making the person feel sick if he or she drinks alcohol. Though several medications help treat alcoholism, there is no "magic bullet.“Developing new and more effective medications to treat alcoholism remains a high priority for researchers.
3 Alcoholism treatment works for many people. But just like any chronic disease, there are different levels of success in treatment. Some people stop drinking and remain sober. Others cannot stop drinking for any length of time. With treatment, one thing is clear, however, the longer a person stops drinking alcohol, the more likely he or she will be able to stay sober.
4 No, alcoholism cannot be cured at this time. Even if an alcoholic hasn't been drinking for a long time, he or she can still return to the drinking habit. To guard against it, an alcoholic must continue to avoid all alcoholic drinks.
23、paragraph 1___________
24、paragraph 2___________
25、paragraph 3___________
26、paragraph 4___________
A．Does alcoholism treatment work?
B．what is alcoholism？
C．Can alcoholism be cured?
D．Can alcoholism be treated?
E． What are drinking problems?
F．What medications treat alcoholism?
27、Medication can help some people ______
28、Disulfiram can prevent drinking by making the alcoholic _______
29、For alcoholism treatment，there is no single medication that works _______
30、The key to cure alcoholism is to avoid all _______
A．feel sick
B．in every person
C．medical treatment
D．stop drinking
E．alcoholic drinks
F．stay confused
第4部分：阅读理解 (第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定l个最佳选项。
Eat Healthy
“Clean your plate!”and “Be a member of the clean-plate club1!”Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it’s accompanied by an appeal：“Just think about those starving orphans in Africa2!”Sure，we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately，many people in the US take too many bites3.Instead of staying “clean the plate”，perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.
According to news reports，US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government，according to a USA Today story4.Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.
Barbara Rolls，a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University，told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s，the same time that the American waistline began to expand.
Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now，apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4，000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large；23 percent had no opinion；20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can’t afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150，000 per year prefer smaller portions；but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25，000 want smaller.
It’s not that working class Americans don’t want to eat healthy. It’s just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deals. They live from paycheck to paycheck，happy to save a little money for next year’s Christmas presents.
31. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children
A) to save food for tomorrow.
B) to wash the dishes clean.
C) not to waste food at meals.
D) not to eat too much at meals.
32 American restaurants serve large portions because Americans
A value quantity
B have big bellies
C want enough nutrition
D are mostly rich．
33. What happened in the 1970s?
A The restaurants began to serve smaller portions．
B Health experts advised people to eat less．
C Many Americans tried to get slim．
D The American waistline started to expand
34. What does the survey indicate?
A Low-income Americans prefer large portions。
B 20 percent Americans want smaller portions。
C 57 percent Americans earn$1 50，000 per year。
D 23 percent Americans earn less than$25。000 per year。
35. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?
A They don’t have the habit of saving money。
B They live from paycheck to paycheck．
C They work long hours。
D They want to be healthy eaters。
第二篇 Puerto Rican Cuisine(菜肴)
Puerto Rico, a Caribbean (加勒比海区) island rich in history and remarkable natural beauty, has a cuisine all its own. Immigration(移民) to the island has helped to shape its cuisine, with people from all over the world making various contributions to it. However, before the arrival of these immigrants, the Taino people lived on the island of Puerto Rico. Taino cuisine included such foods as rodents (啮齿动物), fresh shellfish and fish fried in corn oil.
Many aspects of Taino cuisine continue today in Puerto Rican cooking, but it has been heavily influenced by the Spanish, who invaded Puerto Rico in 1508, and Africans, who were initially brought to Puerto Rico to work as slaves. Taino cooking styles were mixed with ideas brought by the Spanish and Africans to create new dishes. The Spanish extended food choices by bringing cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep to the island. Africans also added to the island's food culture by introducing powerful, contrasting tastes in dishes. In fact, much of the food Puerto Rico is now famous for - coffee, coconuts, and oranges - was actually imported by foreigners to the island.
A common assumption many people make about Puerto Rican food is that it is very spicy(辛辣的). It's true that chili peppers are popular; aij caballero in particular is a very hot chili pepper that Puerto Ricans enjoy. However, milder(微辣的) tastes are popular too, such as sofrito. As the base of many Puerto Rican dishes, sofrito is a sauce made from chopped onions, green bell peppers, sweet chili peppers, and a handful of other spices. It is fried in oil and then added to other dishes.
36、who lived in Puerto Rico first
A. the Taino people
B. the Africans
C. the Spanish
D. the Americans
37、In the first paragraph the word “it” refers to
A. immigration
B. Puerto Rican cuisine
C. Caribbean history
D. the island’s natural beauty
38、what is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Taino dishes are important in Puerto Rican cooking
B. Puerto Rican cooking has many outside influences
C. Food imported by foreigners isn’t really Puerto Rican
D. African foods have probably had the most influence
39、How is sofrito used?
A. It is eaten before meals
B. It is added to other dishes
C. It is used where foods are too spicy
D. It is eaten as a main dish
40、which of the following is NOT true?
A. Many people think Puerto Rican food is spicy
B. Puerto Rican cuisine uses a lot of chili peppers
C. softito is a type of extremely spicy food
D. Aij caballero is a type of chile pepper
第三篇 Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering began when the DNA molecule(分子), the most basic unit of life, was first described in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction. Experiments with altering human cells began in 1970. In one of the first experiments, patients were injected with a virus that would produce a life-saving enzyme, but their bodies would not accept it. In 1980 patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a purified gene that was cloned through DNA technology. Another failure.
Genetic engineering got a legal boost(激励) in 1980. The U.S. Supreme Court said that a patent could be granted on a genetically engineered "oil-eating" bacterium(细菌). This bacterium would help clean up oil spills. The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms, and three important medical products were quickly developed.
l Human interferon(干扰素)-- a possible solution to some cancers and viral disease. A newly engineered bacterium produced human interferon as a by-product. This new product reduced the cost of interferon.
l Human growth hormone-- for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height. An expensive growth hormone(荷尔蒙) was previously produced from human cadavers, but by changing the genetic make-up of the single-cell bacterium E. coli, and affordable growth hormone could be produced.
l Human insulin(胰岛素)-- for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef- or pork-based product until 1982. Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.
Advances in genetic engineering have continued, though they constantly must be weighed against the safety of procedures. There is clearly much more to discover.
41. This passage is mainly about
A. the human growth hormone.
B. the effects of altering cells.
C. insulin resistance.
D. U.S. Supreme Court rulings.
42. Genetic engineering may be defined as
A. the altering of normal cell reproduction
B. a branch of applied chemistry.
C. a procedure that holds little promise.
D. a study on life-saving enzymes.
43. According to the passage, human interferon
A. is a hormone that causes disease.
B. could be used to treat cancer.
C. is a viral disease
D. has been cured
44. In this passage, the three genetically engineered medical products are presented
A. as a process.
B. from earliest to latest.
C. in a simple list.
D. as a story.
45. In the last paragraph, the word "weighed" has the closest meaning with
A. had great influence
B. became a burden.
C. measured accurately.
D. considered carefully.
第5部分：补全短文 (第46-50题，每题2分，共l0分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌.
Forests for Cities
You are standing in a beautiful forest in Japan．The air is clean and smells like plants and flowers．There are l75 different kinds of trees，and 60 kinds of birds live here．(46)You are downtown in the city of Nara，Japan，in Kasugayama Forest，the oldest urban forest in the world．It was started more than a thousand years ago，and today it's very popular with tourists and artists．
Cities around the world are working to protect their urban forests．Some urban forests are parks，and some are just streets with a lot of trees．But all urban forests have many good effects on the environment． (47)They also stop the noise from heavy traffic．They even make the weather better because they make the air 3-5 degrees cooler，and they stop strong winds．
Urban forests also have many good effects on people．They make the city more beautiful．In a crowded area，they give people a place to relax and spend time in nature． (48)
In some countries，people are starting new urban forests．In England，there are now 1.3 million trees in an urban forest called Thames Chase，east of London．It was started in 1990，and it has grown very fast. Walking and bicycle clubs use the forest，and there are programs for children and artists． (49)
Some older cities don't have space for a big urban forest，but planting trees on the streets makes the city better. Scientists found that commuters(通勤人员)feel more relaxed when they can see trees．Trees are even good for business．
(50)In the future, urban forests will become even more important as our cities grow bigger．In the megacities(超大城市)of tomorrow，people will need more green space to live a comfortable life．Planting trees today will make our lives better in the future．
A Trees take pollution out of the air．
B In 2033．it will have 5 million trees．
C But you are not in a rural area．
D It has many kinds of birds in the country．
E In hot countries，urban forests are cool places for walking and other healthy exercises.
F People spend more time at shopping centers that have trees．
第6部分：完形填空 (第51～65题，每题l分，共15分)
下面的短文有l5处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定l个最佳选项.
Going on a diet
A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart ____51___and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating____52___and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm.A person ___53___weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to ___54___the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic ___55___behind going on a diet.
Unfortunately，diets don't __56__ for most people. They do lose weight but then go ___57___ the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to ___58___ a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you __59____ take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can ____60__the number of calories you can consume per day.
Exercise charts can show you how many calories different ___61___of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can __62____a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can ___63___ the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise ____64__. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. Tight clothing acts __65_ a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.
51. A jumping B beating C running D kicking
52. A quickly B easily C properly D warmly
53. A brings B takes C gains D carries
54. A double B fix C remove D reduce
55. A principle B form C method D kind
56. A start B change C balance D work
57. A off B on C after D for
58. A getting B maintaining C meeting D supporting
59. A partly B actually C hopeful D wisely
60. A raise B contain C cut D grow
61. A ways B factors C functions D forms
62. A have B do C make D give
63. A set B climb C run D repair
64. A partner B colleague C associate D book
65. A for B with C to D as
