1.倒装:
英语的一般语序为:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语(或表语) + (状语等附加成分)。有时为了语法上或修辞上的需要而改变这种语序,如将谓语动词放到主语的前面,就称为倒装。因语法需要的倒装称为“语法倒装”,例如英语中的疑问句多采用倒装形式,如Are you a doctor or an engineer? 因修辞需要,如为了强调、句子结构均衡或承上启下等目的倒装,称为“修辞性倒装”,例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. (山顶上有一座漂亮的小屋。)。
就应试而言,以下倒装现象应给予特别注意(按考试中出现的频率高低顺序排列):
1) not, not until, never, no, no sooner, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few 等 否定词开头的句子,比较:
例1
正常语序:I shall never forget the first days at college.
倒装语序:Never shall I forget the first days at college.
(我永远不会忘记初上大学的那些日子)
例2
正常语序:I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.
倒装语序:Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.
(直到最近我才知道什么叫市场经济。)
以上两个句子采用倒装语序的主要目的是为了强调。
在这一节中,要特别注意以下三个倒装句型:
not until… ,见以上例2
no sooner …than…, 例如:
No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions.
(她刚念完这首诗,学生们就开始向她提问题了。)
hardly …when …,与 no sooner … than…句型的意思和用法相同,就是不要把搭配搞错了,既:
Hardly had she finished reading the poem when the students began to ask her questions.
2)介词 + no否定词开头的句子, 比较:
正常语序:I shall not do anything against the interests of the country under any circumstances.(不管在什么情况下,我决不做有损国家利益的事情。)
倒装语序:Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country.
3) only, so/such (…that…),often 等词开头的句子,比较: 4)
正常语序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way.
倒装语序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well.
(只有这样我们才能学好一门外语。)
正常语序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it.
倒装语序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it.
(污迹很小,几乎看不出来。)
从以上的举例可以归纳出:
如果以上的词(组)本来就是修饰或说明主语的,不存在倒装问题,例如:
Not all scientists accept his new theory about the origin of the Universe.
(不是所有科学家都接受他的有关宇宙起源的新理论的。)
怎么倒装?采用一般疑问句的倒装规则。
应试思路:
倒装句一般都比较长,表达的意思相对比较复杂,这给英语基础比较差的考生带来理解上的一定困难。为了提高应试效率,要牢牢把握好以下应试思路:
见到not等否定词,或only, so, often, 或“介词 + no…”开头的句子,首先要考虑是否倒装;
看看答案中哪个采用了倒装形式(不要管是什么意思);
如果答案中有几个倒装形式,比较一下时态、语态或其他细微差别。
例如:
Not since the great growth years of the snowmobile ______ as much as the latest entry of all terrain vehicle.
A. did a sport vehicle catch the public‘s fancy
B. a sport vehicle had caught the public‘s fancy
C.has a sport vehicle caught the public‘s fancy
D.will a sport vehicle catch the public‘s fancy
要正确翻译这个句子并不是件容易的事,但并不影响解题:
首先,这是个“not”开头的句子,需要倒装;
第二,在A、A、C、D四个答案中,B是唯一不倒装的,肯定不对;
第三,尽管A、C、D都是倒装形式,但由于是“not since”,要用现在完成时,故正确答案是C.
从以上例子可以看出,就语法考试而言,牢记基本规则,把握正确解题思路有时比多认识几个英语单词更重要。
其他需注意的倒装现象:
4) here, there, back, down, off, in, up等表示地点状语的词开头的句子,例如:
Here comes a taxi! (来了辆出租车!)
There goes the last bus!(末班公共汽车开走了!)
Down came the rain.(下雨了。)
但是:主语是代词时不倒装,例如:
Here it comes. (它来了。)
There she goes.(她走了。)
5) 主语 + live, stand, lie, sit 等动词 + (介词)地点状语 的结构中常采用倒装语序,例如:
正常语序:An old temple stands at the top of the hill.
倒装语序:At the top of the hill stands an old temple. (山顶上有座古庙。)
同样,如果主语是代词,也不能倒装,例如:
(The old temple was built 800 hundred years ago. ) It stands at the top of the hill.
6) although 让步从句用as或 though代替时,例如:
正常语序:Although he is young, he is quite expert in computer technology.
倒装语序:Young as he is, he is quite expert in computer technology.
(尽管他很年轻,但是他对计算机技术相当专业。)
4)、5)、6)类倒装只是简单的语序调整。
2. 省略:
1)省略是为了避免重复,保持语言简洁的一种语法手段。尤其是在口语中,省略是个普遍现象,例如:
I have heard of the news. So have I.
He didn‘t go to the concert yesterday. Neither did I.
想一下,为什么以上句子的应答部分要采用“倒装”形式?(见上一节“倒装”)
此外,此类省略形式的要注意的一个问题是:前后时态要一致。
2)就职称考试而言,大家要特别注意由when, while, whether, if, unless, although等引出的状语从句中的省略现象,比较:
不省略:The young boy was badly injured by a motorcycle when he was crossing the street.
省略:The young boy was badly injured by a motorcycle when crossing the street.
(那个小男孩在穿越马路时被一辆摩托车严重撞伤。)
不省略:If irrigation is not well managed, it can be harmful.
省略:If not well managed, irrigation may be harmful.
(如果管理不当,灌溉也可能会造成损害。)
从以上两个例子可以归纳出此类从句的省略基本规则:
只有当主句和从句的主语相同时才能采用省略形式,省略时将从句的主语连同be动词(若有)一起省略;
如果句子主语与从句的动词是主动关系,采用-ing形式;如果句子主语与从句的动词是被动关系,采用-ed形式;
根据以上规则,确定以下题目的正确答案:
If ______ a hot bath before sleep, a day‘s tiredness will soon vanish.(睡前洗个热水澡,一天的疲劳很快就会消失。)
A.taking
B.taken
C.to take
D.you take
解题思路:由于该句主句的主语是“a day‘s tiredness”,不可能发出“take a hot bath”的行为,故不能采用省略,答案应为D.
在if / when / whether + it is necessary, possible, convenient, important, applicable 等结构时,则省去 “it is”, 只保留 necessary, possible, convenient, important, applicable等,这是习惯,例如:
Take the medicine when necessary.
注意:英语中一般不能说:you are necessary / convenient / possible/ important等,例如不能说: Take this medicine when you are necessary, 或Come when you are convenient. (应说:Come when it is convenient to you.)
3)what, when, whether, how等 + to do (be) 的省略形式,例如:
You are a college student now;you should know what to do and what not to do.
(你已经是大学生了,应该知道什么该做,什么不该做。)
The train leaves at midnight, but at present we have not decided whether to take the trip.
(火车半夜出发,但是目前我们还没有决定是否出行。)
但是:why (not) do, 中间不用 “to” 连接,例如:
Why not go and ask the teacher for help?(干吗不去老师那儿请求帮助?)
3.强调:
强调是一种修辞方式,如前面所说的“倒装”就是一种重要的强调手段。
此外,还可以借助助词进行强调,例如:
She did come yesterday; I saw her in the office.
(她昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到她的。)
本讲要讨论的主要是“it is …。that…”强调句, 即:将句子中除谓语动词以外的成分(主语、宾语、状语等)用“it is …。that…”加以连接,组成强调句,如果是人,也可以用“it is… who…”, 例如:
John bought a toy train for his son yesterday.(昨天约翰给他儿子买了辆玩具火车。)
强调主语:It was John who (或that)bought a toy train for his son yesterday.
强调宾语:It was a toy train that John bought for his son yesterday.
强调宾语(或目的):It was for his son that John bought a toy train yesterday.
强调时间状语:It was yesterday that John bought a toy train for his son .
学习强调句要注意以下两点:
不要与主语从句相混淆,例如:
It is well known that light travels in straight lines.
(众所周至,光以直线传播。—— 主语从句)
It was not until the early 18th century that the significance of the event was generally realized.
(直到18世纪初,这一事件的意义才为公众所认识。——强调句)
强调句与主语从句的简单区分是:强调句去掉“it is…that…”,句子结构依然正确,意思不变,如上句:“until the 18th century the significance of the event was not generally realized”。 但是主语从句就不行,如上句:“well know that light travels in straight line”就不通, 句中 “well know” 变成了无依着的成分。
不要陷入“考试陷阱”,例如:
It was not until 1943 ______ Penicillin was put into clinical use that many fatal diseases were brought under control.
A.that
B.when
C.before
D.after
看到这个题目,考生第一个反应是“强调句”,很快选择了A,但是再仔细读一下,句子后面已经有“that”,说明这个题目的考点不在“强调句”上,而是考“定语从句”的“关系副词”when, 故正确答案是B,A称为“干扰项”。
4.语序:
所谓语序,就是词(组)或句子排列的顺序。
1)形容词 / 副词的位置:
形容词 / 副词的一般语序是:
形容词 + 名词
副词 + 形容词或副词,例如:
Our country is a great country.
He speaks very fast.
当有多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时,其语序规则比较复杂,语法书上有详细说明,但不可能都一一记住。只要记住基本要点就可以了,即:越能说明被修饰名词性质的形容词越靠近那个名词,例如:“他是中国一位年轻的作家。” 一般的语序为:He is a young Chinese writer. 有时,这种语序主要是凭语感,没有多少道理可讲。
要特别注意以下情况的语序:
频度副词(never, always, often, rarely, seldom等 ):放在be 动词后面,do动词前面,例如:
He is always late.(他总是迟到。)
She never comes late.(她从不迟到。)
不定代词(everything, nothing, something, everybody, nobody, anybody, all, both等):形容词要放在其后面,例如:
I have something interesting to tell you. (我告诉你件有趣的事。)
enough的位置:enough可以是形容词,居名词前,例如:
Let‘s hurry; we don’t have enough time.
(我们赶紧;时间不多了。)
也可以是副词, 但是要放在被修饰的形容词或副词的后面,例如:
They were kind enough to let me in and have a shelter from the heavy rain.
(真感谢他们让我进屋躲过了那场大雨。)
Available, present等形容词一般放在名词后面,例如:
They began their experiment based on the data available.
(他们根据现有资料开始了实验。)
It is such a beautiful scene.(风景真实太美了。)与It is so beautiful a scene. 是不同的语序,相同的意思。(such是形容词,修饰名词;so / too是副词,修饰形容词或副词)
注意:只有带冠词的结构才能这样改,例如:It is such awful weather. (天气真糟糕。)就不能做以上更动。
2)附加疑问句(反意疑问句):
英语有陈述句、祈使句、感叹句和疑问句。
陈述句排列的顺序一般为:
主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 状语,而疑问句则采用倒装的形式,要熟悉“附加疑问句”以下几个“特殊”形式:
Let‘s go and have a walk, shall we?
Please close the windows, will you?
We have to hand in the assignments before Monday morning, don‘t we?
He used to live in that small town during his childhood, didn‘t he?
There used to be a big tree in front of that old house, wasn‘t there?
3)感叹句:
What a lovely pretty little house (it is)!
How hard she has been working for her Ph.D. degree!(她攻读博士学位有多用功啊!)
4)宾语从句要用陈述句语序,例如:
She couldn‘t remember where she had lost the key. (她不记得把钥匙丢在哪儿了。)
I really don‘t know where is she.的语序是错的,应改为
I really don‘t know where she is.